Ausubel’s Expository Teaching Model Essay -- Ausubel Expository Teachi

Ausubel’s Expository Teaching Model Highly abstract concepts, such as jurisprudence and sovereignty, oftentimes cause high school students much struggle when trying to thoroughly understand such conceptual ideas. To teach these theoretical concepts, one must not only equivalently utilize David Ausubel’s Expository teaching model, but also retain an overall knowledge of other valuable strategies related to Ausubels’s model (Woolfolk, 2004, p. 281). To Ausubel, the most significant idea is that of the advance organizer, a statement of introduction that aids students in organizing the information about to be presented. Also to a teacher’s benefit are the ideas needed to form a concept, such as exemplars, defining features, irrelevant features, non-examples, and prototypes. Introducing the advance organizer, presenting ideas in terms of specific examples, and linking the content back to the advance organizer is Ausubel’s model for expository teaching (Woolfolk, 2004, p. 283).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ausubel’s expository teaching primarily focuses on teaching general ideas to comprehend one specific concept, otherwise known as deductive reasoning. His approach always begins with an advance organizer (Woolfolk, 2004, p. 282). This statement aids in priming the students for the context and idea about to be described. It will help in developing schemas, or organizing information, and helps direct all attention to the key ideas coming from the material being presented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first of the two types of organizer is the expository organizer, which primarily focuses the introduction of new material. The second is the comparative organizer, which compares old and new information resulting in students accessing schemas already in their working memory, otherwise know as the â€Å"temporary storage of information that is being processed in a range of cognitive tasks† (Woolfolk, 2004, p. 242). An expository lesson must always elaborate on the advance organizer. Connecting the information back to the organizer should also be utilized in completing the lesson. Identifying qualities such as defining features (required features), exemplars (actual instances), irrelevant features (often present but not relevant), and non-examples will all assist in creating a prototype, or an ideal example, to aid in grasping the concept. The goal is the ability to take the concept and relate it back to th... ...and trees to compare by non-examples. My instructor concluded his lesson by highlighting his organizer and repeating the idea that abstract ideas were all symbols of something. Abstractions are not an actual object itself, as opposed to concrete ideas that are material and solid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The expository method can be ideal for teaching abstract concepts such as jurisprudence and sovereignty to high school students within a limited amount of time. Through first naming the concept and giving the definition, as well as applying tools such as the advance organizer, a teacher will gain the students attention and allow them to organize their ideas in order to make connections. When teaching a concept, it is best to keep in mind that students will respond most when a concept is taught in a way that is useful and efficient versus being taught in a manner geared only towards answering exam questions. By extending and connecting the concepts in these significant ways, students will be able to focus on the meaning and not on memorization. Sources Cited: http://dictionary.com http://plato.stanford.edu Woolfolk, A. (2004). Educational Psychology (9th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Behavior Modifying Drugs Essay

â€Å"ADHD is a common behavioral disorder that affects an estimated 8% to 10% of people in the United States† (Kutscher). Boys are about three times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it, though it is not yet understood why. Children with ADHD generally have problems paying attention or concentrating. They cannot seem to follow directions and are easily bored or frustrated with tasks. They also tend to move constantly and are impulsive, not stopping to think before they act. These behaviors are generally common in children. But they occur more often than usual and are more severe in a child with ADHD. These behaviors that are common with ADHD interfere with a child’s ability to function at school and at home. Adults with ADHD may have difficulty with time management, organizational skills, goal setting, and employment. They may also have problems with relationships, self-esteem, and addictions. Doctors may be too quick in diagnosing the patient with ADHD and prescribing them drugs to treat the problem. This is not the best method all the time, as these drugs have proved to be dangerous and sometimes fatal. The use of behavior modifying drugs should be treated only as a last resort after trying other treatments or alternatives for the problem because of the different risks that come along with the drugs. Children may have a problem that needs to be attended too, but drugs should not always be the first option selected. There are a good percentage of the millions of children in the United States, as well as around the world that suffer from ADHD, enough to be attentive to this disorder. For example, the different types of behavioral problems that are associated with the disease is explained: â€Å"Children suffering from behavioral disorders can exhibit behaviors such as distractibility, lack of focus, anxiety, and hostility† (Chittom). This shows how children may have problems in behavior, and how to notice the indications of ADHD. This also proves how children experiencing symptoms of ADHD may be a distraction in an learning environment and or elsewhere. The disorder might be due to biological means. For instance, in â€Å"Counterpoint: The Risks of Behavioral Drugs Outweigh the Benefits,† Lynn-Nore Chittom says, â€Å" Medical providers believe that the disorder is directly linked to the brain’s inability to properly process serotonin or dopamine† (Chittom). This shows how ADHD is actualized in scientific means. This also evinces the point that it could be a genetic disorder passed down generation to generation to children and is unpreventable in a case such as that. When one’s child has ADHD, they might want the quick scapegoat or in fact want to try a cure the problem as best as possible. But, drugs would not always prove to be the best choice for these parents. This could be seen in â€Å"Counterpoint: The Risks of Behavioral Drugs Outweigh the Benefits,† where drugs can cause even more problems: â€Å"These intense behavioral responses to medications intended to resolve issues such as distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulse control may exchange one challenge for another in the children being medicated† (Chittom). This depicts that by using medications to help the children’s problem it could backfire and create a whole new problem, maybe as or even more severe than the original one. What one might obtain from this is that the use of drugs in efforts of helping children with ADHD might be more problematic than the actual issue to start with. The risks of drugs are very high and may be very harmful to the children prescribed them. In many cases, drugs used to treat ADHD have caused more harm than there intended purpose to help the base problem. As a case in point, Lynn-nore Chittom says, â€Å"Research showed that a group of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increased both the incidence of suicide and the potential for suicidal thought among children and adolescents†¦ This is of particular concern based on the fact that some students responsible for school shootings in recent years were known to have been subscribed SSRIs† (Chittom). This indicates that children may be harmed or harmful while taking these types of drugs. This also shows how the children’s minds might be manipulated by these drugs and may cause suicidal tendencies. Expanding on this issue: A drug commonly used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder in children, teens and adults has been linked to numerous adverse reactions, including suicide attempts, Health Canada has warned. In its adverse reactions newsletter from July 2008, the health agency warns that Atomoxetine (Strattera), a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, had been linked to 189 reported adverse reactions as of Dec. 1, 2007. Fifty-five of those included suicide attempts, a designation that encompasses non-accidental overdoses, showing suicidal tendencies and experiencing thoughts of self-harm. Twenty-nine of the patients recovered, three had not by Dec. 31, 2007, and one patient died. Data was not available for the remaining 22 patients. (Kutscher) Among the 55 suicide attempts reported in connection with the drug, 43 were among children b etween the ages of 6 and 17. Twelve were among adults ranging in age from 18 to 45. There are also other concerns that come along with the drugs. For instance, in â€Å"Counterpoint: The Risks of Behavioral Drugs Outweigh the Benefits,† Lynn-Nore Chittom states that in addition to the risks of and medical side effects, children may also experience the psychological and emotional stigma of being told they require medication to be â€Å"normal†, children may develop a low or negative self-esteem from being forced to take pills (Chittom). This is inferring that the children’s self image may be lowered and may train them to be unconfident people in life. This also shows how the children might, over time, become dependent on the drugs rather than developing appropriate life skills. Furthermore, the complications are explicated in â€Å"Counterpoint: The Risks of Behavioral Drugs Outweigh the Benefits,† when Lynn-nore Chittom says that parents, teachers, and doctors may be turning to prescription drugs in an attempt to fix emotional problems by medicating them. This could lead to drug abuse later in life, particularly under the pressures of a college workload, a new job, or other life changes (Chittom). There are different, more suitable methods of treating these children with ADHD. These methods include different therapies and contrivances in succeeding the main goal of helping cure the problem. For instance, these therapies are illustrated: â€Å"Beyond good parenting and teaching strategies, agencies that offer outside help through creative therapies should be employed whenever possible†¦ With the help of play therapy, music therapy, art therapy, language therapy, and cognitive-behavior therapy, children can attempt to reach their potential before medication is prescribed† (Chittom). This demonstrates the different approaches of using more natural cure rather than the drug direction. This also shows how the children can reach their full potential before thinking about medications to give them. Equally important, the parental aspect of this problem could be the answer of leading the children in the right direction. For example, how the children could change with the help and support of parents and elders is described: â€Å"Frequently children with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders are intelligent and creative. Rather than medicating the children to make them â€Å"normal†, parents and teachers should explore ways to learn their strengths and challenge the children to excel in their natural talents† (Chittom). This explains how many children with this disorder are usually very talented and intelligent. This also shows how parents and teachers could positively send their lives in the right direction if they are cooperative and encouraging. Moreover, with the right support, these children will feel more accepted and better about themselves, rather than feeling like they are bad unless they are drugged into normality. Some anti-depressants and other behavior modifying drugs may be of great affectivity for some children if one uses them properly and not excessively. In severe cases, children may be greatly benefitted from medications. These may help them perform in school better and allow their behavior to change into a self-controlled and mannerly people. For example, the affects of the drugs are explained: â€Å"These drugs have been hailed as safe and effective miracle drugs†¦ But, critics argue that SSRIs are often given needlessly† (Lee). This shows how if the drugs are not used excessively and given to the right people that actually are in need of them, they may be very effective. When carefully and responsibly prescribed, the medications currently available to treat ADHD have been shown to be extremely effective in reducing symptoms. For instance, the different benefits is described: â€Å"Children with ADHD who are treated with Ritalin demonstrate a greater ability to concentrate in class, engage in fewer impulsive acts, show improvements in the quantity and the quality of their schoolwork, and are better able to interact socially with others† (Lee). This shows how the children while being helped with the medications may perform better in school. This also suggests that the hostile urges are resolutely decreased as the drugs will calm them down. After all other options have been attempted first, drugs should only be prescribed to the children who have not been affected by the previous treatments. Parents and their children should desperately try together for other methods as to solving their behavior problems before turning to drugs. The first response from parents and teachers should be patience and creative behavioral management. The vital methodology in attempt to help children with ADHD is to first look for natural methods, and in the event of failure to see improvements in the children they may be benefitted by the drugs. The children with the extreme cases of ADHD might not have a natural method suitable for them, but usually it may help in a considerable way. On the whole, patience rather than pills can often be the key to solving behavior problems in many children.

The Pros and Cons of Criminology Essay - 658 Words

Criminology is the study of crime and criminals. In criminology, crime data is gathered in many different ways. All of these ways are part of the National Incident-Based Reporting system, which is a program that collects data on each respond crime incident (CITATION). There are Primary Sources of collecting crime data, and Secondary Sources of collecting crime data. Under the Primary Sources of collecting crime data are the National Crime Victimization Survey, Self Report Surveys, and the Uniform Crime Reports. These reporting surveys and official records gather information for Criminologists about all types of crimes. Some examples of these are homicide, rape, aggravated assault, robbery, arson, burglary, and larceny. Criminologists use†¦show more content†¦Cohort studies have been used in many different types of studies. many advantages and disadvantagesTHESIS!!!! The definition for cohort studies is an easy one. It is well defined groups of people that have encountered th e same experience or exposure in a certain period of time and because of this the outcome is compared between the groups. The purpose of a cohort study is to try and disprove the existence of a correlation between cause and effect of the experiences or exposure with the outcome of the group. Cohort studies can also tell us what events early in people’s lives are coroneted with people’s characteristics later in their life. These events could be anything from family, education, or work life. Although there are many disadvantages of cohort studies, the advantages seem to outweigh them. The advantages of doing a cohort study is that it does not require completely random assignment of the persons participating in the study. Another advantage of using this type of study id that it provides insight on the effects of the things around us. IN addition, it can be cheaper than doing multiple experiments or surveys to receive the same information. The disadvantages of using the co hort studies are many. One disadvantage is that with the cohort studies you have to watch the outcome of the group over time, so it takes a long time to get the results. Another disadvantage is that the subjects are human so the outcomes of each groupShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of The Classical School Of Criminology791 Words   |  4 PagesThe Classical school of criminology can be known as the free will to act at one’s own discretion, where an individual chooses to break the law upon a desirable choice. The Classical emphasizes how the system was organized, punishments for crime, and how authorities should react to crime. On the other hand, positivist school was created to see what influences an individual to break the laws, based on human beings’ behavior. Positivist school is simply trying to analyze who, what, and how crime isRead MoreThe Journal Of Quantitative Criminology753 Words   |  4 PagesThe Journal of Quantitative Criminology distributes papers t hat are pertinent to the criminology community that explore various criminology subjects. In an effort to improve relations between police and the public whom which they are sworn to protect and serve, Chief of the Rialto (CA) Police Department, Tony Farrar published a scientific study in the Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 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As this segment progress, the readers will become acquainted with the historical background of peacemaking, proponents of the theory, and explanations as to what is peacemaking, expanding on restorative justice, a form of peacemaking criminology and finally conclude this section with critiques and discussion on peacemaking criminology as discussed during the class presentation. Peacemaking criminology grew out of the conflictRead MoreCriminology and the Criminal Justice System Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesCriminology and the Criminal Justice System Jackulin, Cyrus Sec/340 October, 1, 2012 Criminology and the Criminal Justice System No matter where you live in the world the city or the country crime always happens from murder, rape, robbery, arson, assault, auto theft, and burglary. People try their hardest to try and find an area where they cannot deal with crime you can’t find a place. Either were you live crime goes up or down. 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This is no different for police with body worn cameras, since there is always will be pros and cons when dealing with devices likeRead MoreDuring The Enlightenment Period, An Italian Social Philosopher1449 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Enlightenment period, an Italian social philosopher named Cesare Beccaria became known for his idea of classical criminology. Classical criminology is the idea that criminals choose to commit the crimes and it can simply be controlled by punishment. This theory had several ideas: 1.) people have the free will to choose to become a criminal in order to meet their needs, 2.) they will not choose to commit the crime if they feel the punishment is not worth it, a nd 3.) in order to decreaseRead MoreWhy People Do Bad Things Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy focuses on all types of research in psychology including clinical, developmental, social, clinical, behavioral and neuropsychological to blend together ideas and studies to apply to criminal action. The major focus of forensic psychologist is criminology and law because there needs to be a broad understanding of how the judicial system works and what statutes apply in what states. This type of work can be applied in many different settings such as prisons, correctional facilities, court systems

Vocabulary With Context Clues The Necklace

Trying to prepare yourself for your next reading test? Whether youre prepping for the verbal section of the GRE, the reading test of the ACT or SAT, or a typical reading comprehension exam in class, youll probably have to understand vocabulary words in context. Sure, youll also find standard questions about finding the main idea, distinguishing the authors purpose, and making inferences, but those can be tricky whereas vocabulary words in context are typically the easier ones to manage if you complete some vocab practice. Read the passage below and answer the corresponding questions. Teachers, use the printable worksheet for easy sub plans or vocab practice as you see fit. Practice Reading Excerpt Adapted from The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of artisans. She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction; and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education. Her tastes were simple because she had never been able to afford any other, but she was as unhappy as though she had married beneath her; for women have no caste or class, their beauty, grace, and charm serving them for birth or family, their natural delicacy, their instinctive elegance, their nimbleness of wit, are their only mark of rank, and put the slum girl on a level with the highest lady in the land. She suffered endlessly, feeling herself born for every delicacy and luxury. She suffered from the poorness of her house, from its mean walls, worn chairs, and ugly curtains. All these things, of which other women of her class would not even have been aware, tormented and insulted her. The sight of the little Breton girl who came to do the work in her little house aroused heart-broken regrets and hopeless dreams in her mind. She imagined silent antechambers, heavy with Oriental tapestries, lit by torches in lofty bronze sockets, with two tall footmen in knee-breeches sleeping in large armchairs, overcome by the heavy warmth of the stove. She imagined vast saloons hung with antique silks, exquisite pieces of furniture supporting priceless ornaments, and small, charming, perfumed rooms, created just for little parties of intimate friends, men who were famous and sought after, whose homage roused every other womans envious longings. When she sat down for dinner at the round table covered with a three-days-old cloth, opposite her husband, who took the cover off the soup-tureen, exclaiming delightedly: Aha! Scotch broth! What could be better? she imagined delicate meals, gleaming silver, tapestries peopling the walls with folk of a past age and strange birds in faery forests; she imagined delicate food served in marvelous dishes, murmured gallantries, listened to with an inscrutable smile as one trifled with the rosy flesh of trout or wings of asparagus chicken. She had no clothes, no jewels, nothing. And these were the only things she loved; she felt that she was made for them. She had longed so eagerly to charm, to be desired, to be wildly attractive and sought after. She had a rich friend, an old school friend whom she refused to visit because she suffered so keenly when she returned home. She would weep whole days, with grief, regret, despair, and misery. ******** One evening her husband came home with an exultant air, holding a large envelope in his hand. Heres something for you, he said. Swiftly she tore the paper and drew out a printed card on which were these words: The Minister of Education and Madame Ramponneau request the pleasure of the company of Monsieur and Madame Loisel at the Ministry on the evening of Monday, January the 18th. Instead of being delighted, as her husband hoped, she flung the invitation petulantly across the table, murmuring: What do you want me to do with this? Why, darling, I thought youd be pleased. You never go out, and this is a great occasion. I had tremendous trouble to get it. Everyone wants one; its very select, and very few go to the clerks. Youll see all the really big people there. Practice Questions Answers to the exercise  are available online. 1. As it is used at the beginning of paragraph 1, the word  blundered most nearly means: trippederredconnivedmistookcareened 2. As it is used in paragraph two, the word mean in the phrase, from its mean walls most nearly means: callousmenialsnidenormalstingy 3. As it is used near the end of paragraph three, the word gallantries most nearly means: courageousnessetiquettechatterflatterycoquettishness 4. As it is used at the beginning of the dialogue sequence, the word exultant most nearly means: triumphantpretentiousexaltedchipperhilarious 5. As it is used in this phrase, Everyone wants one; its very select, and very few go to the clerks The word select most nearly means: preferableeclecticuniqueeliteappropriate

John Edgar Hoover The First Director Of The Federal...

The biggest name in 20th century American law enforcement in United States history is John Edgar Hoover. John Edgar Hoover was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was appointed in 1924 and died in office in 1972. He stayed in power from President Calvin Coolidge to President Richard Nixon. His agents brought down some of the most notorious crime bosses in the U.S. He had changed the way police look at crime scenes. John Edgar Hoover was born on January 01, 1895 in Washington, D.C. His parents’ names were Dickerson Naylor Hoover, Sr. and Annie Marie Scheitlin Hoover. John Edgar Hoover had several siblings brother, Dickerson, Jr. and a sister, Lillian. He also had a younger sister, Sadie Marguerite, who died at the age of three of diphtheria. He was a lifelong resident of the District of Columbia. He graduated from Central High School as the class valedictorian. He graduated from George Washington University Law School in 1916 (Hoover Foundation, 2016). Mr. Hoover started out in the Department of Justice in July of 1917. He started out as a messenger for the Library of Congress. He impressed all of his supervisors and was excellent at his work. President Woodrow Wilson also signed the 1917 Espionage Act which gave him additional authority. He made a legendary organization system for all the different kinds of crimes. He rose quickly through the rankings with hard work and determination. He led the General Intelligence Division until 1918 when theShow MoreRelated J. Edgar Hoover Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pages J. Edgar Hoover Former Senator Joseph McCarthy put it perfectly when he said, â€Å"†¦ for the FBI is J. Edgar Hoover and I think we can rest assured that it will always be.† (qtd. in Denenberg 7). J. Edgar Hoover is credited for reconstructing the Bureau of Investigations (later renamed Federal Bureau of Investigations). Regardless of how people saw him, Hoover was powerful and committed, and did everything within his power to improve the agency that would make this country a safer place for all. JohnRead MoreJ. Edgar Hoover s Skills1510 Words   |  7 PagesJ. Edgar Hoover was born on January 1st, 1895. Growing up, I believe J. Edgar Hoover learned his skills while still in school. He was on the debate team in highschool, which helped him with his public speaking, and he also learned some leadership skills while in college. He didn’t have to join the army after finishing school, because he had to take care of his mom. He eventually graduated college near the top of his class, with a Bachelor’s Degree in law, which led him to his first job in the DepartmentRead MoreEssay about History of the FBI953 Words   |  4 PagesThe early 1900’s gave rise to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Founded in appalling times filled with tension, the FBI would slowly transform American law to apprehend the nation’s most notorious criminals, and become one of the vital agencies that protect American sovereignty. Influenced by the Progressive Movement and the belief that the federal government’s intervention was required to alleviate injustices in a dark society of corruption where a war between capital and labor raged, PresidentRead MoreThe Federal Bureau Of Investigation Is The Domestic Intelligence And Security Service Of The United States1806 Words   |  8 PagesBackground The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which also serves as the nation’s prime Federal law enforcement organization. The FBI operates under the U.S. Department of Justice. The FBI does many things from leading the U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal organization, with jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes. The first bureau was created in 1896, the National Bureau of CriminalRead MoreThe Investigation Of The Fbi2036 Words   |  9 Pagesthrough much controversy, commissioned the bureau to aid in the work of The Justice Department. The creation of the bureau did not come about easily, but with the support of Attorney General Charles Bonaparte, Roosevelt bypassed Congress to establish the force, which later became known officially as the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In its early days, the FBI’s responsibilities differed greatly from the role it plays today. Because there were â€Å"few federal crimes,† agents â€Å"investigated violationsRead MoreArgument1501 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom a small bureau into a service that not only the nation needs, but also the world. It has helped in many significant cases throughout history, such as Al Capone, the Unabomber, Bonnie and Clyde, and without the FBI, would not have been solved or taken care of as easily (â€Å"Famous Cases† 1). These have proven to make the environment a better place to live in. The FBI is needed to protect the country’s safety and the well being of each individual daily. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has grownRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassination Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Kennedy Assassination President John F. Kennedy was travelling along a predetermined motorcade route in Dallas, Texas when he was fatally shot, receiving wounds to the chest, back, and head. Shortly after the assassination, Dallas police arrested former U.S. Marine Corps Private Lee Harvey Oswald. On November 24 of the same year, Jack Ruby, owner of a Dallas nightclub, shot Oswald. Less than a year after the two murders, on September 24, 1964, the Warren CommissionRead MoreThe Cia s Potential Involvement1967 Words   |  8 PagesWhich extended to the JFKs upper back and exited through his throat and then struck Governor John Connallyá ¿ ½s ribs breaking them, then shattering his wrist then finally resting on his thigh. Skeptics say that the trajectory was fanciful and renamed it as the Magic bullet theory. It s just one reason why conspiracy theorists think more than one shooter was involved(who killed JFK?). There is some speculation over that people and groups are involved, but who would want to hurt the president? TheseRead MoreThe Fbi And Crime At The Beginning Of The 1930s1910 Words   |  8 PagesThe FBI is considered to be the nation s premier law enforcement agency today. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has come a long way since its establishment over 100 years ago. The establishment of the Bureau was more of a political achievement rather than a functional one. It was not well suited to enforce federal law in the United States, as it lacked the professionalism it needed to be effective. As time passed, however, much needed changes were made to the FBI to improveRead More Jfk: Was His Assassination Inevitable? Essay2409 Words   |  10 Pages A popular misconception is that President John F. Kennedys assassination was an isolated event perpetrated by one man. This could not be farther from the truth. Instead, it was the result of a complex combination of domestic and foreign events. When President Kennedy was in office, he had to deal with many issues, ranging from business and finance to crime-fighting and war issues. Perhaps it is not as important to decide who it was that killed him, but why. President Kennedys decisions and courses

The Roads and Transport Authority free essay sample

This assignment helps to understand the local government authorities and to increase student insight on responsibilities, roles, services of government and its related programs, initiatives and services.  In this report I have chosen a local authority in Dubai which is the Road and Transport Authority (RTA) and discuss their functions, duties and initiatives and programs, and key issues. Introduction In November 2005 Dubai government launched the Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) to make modern infrastructure facilities, provide a superior transportation network and to improve roads all over the emirates to the sake of people and residence. The Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) The Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) provide and maintain all transportation requirements and facilities not only in Dubai and other Emirates, but also with all neighboring countries such as Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar in order to put Dubai in a suitable shape among all countries in the region. RTA responsibilities include buses, taxis, inter-city transport, roads Engineer, registration and licensing, marine transport, commercial ads on the right of way, Roads beautification, roads and parking and rail projects. We will write a custom essay sample on The Roads and Transport Authority or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page RTA mission is to support Dubais growth by preparing polices and legislations, adapting technologies and innovative approaches, implementing world-class practices and standards. RTA vision is to build up an integrated and sustainable system, provide smooth and safe transportation for all parties in the United Arab Emirates, and to develop the citys economic plans with high standards. Dubai Metro H.H Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum had announced the launch of Dubai Metro in 9th September 2009 (9:09:09 PM) which is considered the fully automated and worlds longest metro network covering 75 kilometers as mentioned in Guinness World Records. This Rail network has to operational networks the red line and the green line and further lines are planned in the future. These two lines run underground in some areas and elevated in other parts of the city. The Dubai Metro can carry more than 10 million passengers from the launch date to February 2010 using the red line. The metro network includes 47 stations, 9 of them are underground. Two transfer stations (Union Square and Khalid Bin Al Waled). And 87 trains in the metro system. Why RTA? I have chosen RTA to work with for several reasons: 1. Honest corporate reputation 2. Effectiveness and focus on continuous success 3. Leadership and team work 4. Strategic partnership 5. Quality and customer services and loyalty In order to apply in the RTA you need to have a full curriculum Vitea with all of your experiences and specialties then, submit the CV online on their official website:Dear Sir/Madam I am applying for a position of your office, because this place seems to fit very well with my education, skills and career interests. I have enclosed my C. V for your review. I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you and discuss how my qualifications can be guided to meet your needs. Please feel free to contact me at the addresses shown in the c. . I will be available at your convenience. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you. Curriculum Vitae Name: Abdulmotiy Munther Haroun Address: United Arab Emirates, Dubai, Al-Baraha, P. O. Box: 1626 Phone number: +971-(4)-2508132 Mobile number: +971-(50)-2341926 Email: [emailprotected] com Nationality: Jordanian Place of birth: Dubai Date of birth: 28th April 1993 OBJECTIVE Seeking a full time job in RTA to utilize my technical skills into the benefit and growth of the company

Servicescape Natural Environment and Physical Surroundings Essay Example

Servicescape: Natural Environment and Physical Surroundings Paper Managers continually plan, build, change, and control an organizations physical surroundings, but frequently the impact of a specific design or design change on ultimate users of the facility is not fully understood. The ability of the physical environment to influence behaviors ND to create an image is particularly apparent for service businesses such as hotels, restaurants, professional offices, banks, retail stores, and hospitals (Baker 1987; Bitter 1986; Booms and Bitter 1 982; Kettle 1 973; Stochastic 1977; Pupa and Fulton 1985; Estimate, Paranormal, and Berry 1985). Be THE Joy is Professor Marketing of Arizona Instate Mary Bitter Assistant The the of Interstate Center varsity. Author acknowledges support thefts overprices Arizona University, conducting restate in the Marketing, search. Extensive The assistance Michael enthronements of Hut of Lawrence Beth and are Brown, Walker, Snakelike Crosby, Stephen as of ungratefully acknowledged,aerate helpful suggestions three JAM humus reviewers. Cause the service generally is produced and consumed simultaneously, the consumer is in the factory, often experiencing the total service within the firms physical facility. The factory (or the place where the service is produced) cannot be hidden and may in fact have a strong impact on customers perceptions of the service experience. Even before purchase, consumers commonly look for cues about the firms capabilities and quality (Berry and Clark 1 986; Stochastic 1977). The physical environment is rich In such cues (Rapport 1 982) and may be very influential in communicating the firms image and purpose to its customers. Research suggests that the physical setting may also influence the customers ultimate satisfaction with the service (Bitter 1990; Harebell, Hut, and Anderson 1980). We will write a custom essay sample on Servicescape: Natural Environment and Physical Surroundings specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Servicescape: Natural Environment and Physical Surroundings specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Servicescape: Natural Environment and Physical Surroundings specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Interestingly, in service organizations the same physical setting that communicates with and influences customers may affect employees of the firm (Baker, Berry, and Paranormal 1988). Research in organizational behavior suggests that the physical setting can influence employee satisfaction, productivity, and titivation (e. G. , Becker 1 981; Davis 1 984; Steele 1 986; Sandstorm and Alton 1989; Sandstorm and Sandstorm 1 986; Wingman 1986). The customer is left out of that research stream, however, just as Journal of Marketing Volvo. 6 (April 1 992), 57-71 Serviceable 57 / the employee typically is ignored in the limited tenderheartednesss marketing(e. G. , Donovan and Roister 1 982; Kettle 1973; Mailman 1982, 1986). Performable,in the Implementations, music tempo was varied and the effect on a variety of consumer behaviors measured;however, the effects on employee satisfaction and productivity were not explored. Because services generally are purchased sanctimoniousnesss,and typically requirement humanistic, customers employees interacting each other within the irreconcilabilitys facility. Ideally, therefore, the organizations environment should supported needs and preferences both service employees and customers simultaneously. The purpose of this article to take a first step toward intergenerational and imperialistically from diversedisciplinesinto a framework describes that the built environment (I. E. , the manmade, physical surroundings opposed to the natural social environment), or what is referred here as the serviceable, affects both consumers employees in service organizations. First, a typology of service organizations is presented that illuminates important variations form and usage of the serviceable. Next, in a conceptual frameworks offered for explaining environment-user relationships service organizations, and specific researchpropositionsare advanced. The frameworks anchored the environmentalpsychology research traditional also draws together relevant literature marketingorganizationalbehavior, humanists/ergonomics, and architecture. Finally, the linkages between the service organizationtypology and the framework examined, and key managerial and researchimplicationsare discussed. A Typology of Serviceable The way the physical setting is created in organizations has barely been tapped as a tangible organizational resource (Becker 1 981, p. 130). Management of the physical setting typically is viewed as tangential in comparison with other organizational variables that can motivate employees, such as pay scales, promotions, benefits, and supervisory relationships. Similarly, on the consumer side, variables such as pricing, advertising,added treasures, and special promotions are given much more attention than the physical setting as ways in which customers can be attracted and/or satisfied by a firms services. A clear implications model presenters is that the physical setting can aid or hindered accomplishment of both antidisestablishmentarianism and external marketings. As is true Of any organizational Americanization able, the importance physical setting depends on the nature the job and the nature the consume- Weatherpersons, employees, or both are present within the serviceable also determines types of objectives firm mightiest to accomplish wrought use of its physical environment. In self-service settings, the creative use of physical design could support particular positioning Congregationalists and enhance specific marketing objectives, such as customer satisfaction and attraction. At the other extreme, for remote services, organizationalobjectives such as employee satisfaction, motivation, and operational efficiency could be the primordially in physical setting design, because few southernwood ever see or experience the firms physical setting. For internationalisms, both organizational marketing objectives could potentially be targeted through careful design of the serviceable. Even marketing goals such as relationshipbuilding (Crosby, Evans, and Scowls 1 990) could be influenced by the design of the physical setting. The harmoniousnesss of Figure 1 captures complexity of the serviceable. Some service environments are very simple, with few elements, few spaces, and few forms. They are termed lean en- between and among customers and employees. Zion experience. The position advancers is that the are, in general, more important physical surroundings in service settings because customers as ell as employees often experience firms facility. However, not all service firms and industries alike (Lovelace 1983; Senescence 1986), nor do they face the same strategic issues in planning and designing their serviceable. Figure 1 is a typology categorizing service organizations two dimensional experimentation differences in the management of the serviceable. Firms that share a cell within the matrix face similar issues related the design of their physical spaces. The vertical dimension relates to who is performing actions within the serviceable;the customer, or the employee, or both. One extreme is represented by the self-service organization in which few if any employees are present and the level of customer activity is high. At the tiresomeness the remonstrative where there is little or no extemporaneousness in the serviceable and sometimes even little employee involvement, such as in fully automatedvoicemessaging services. Note from Figure 1 that internationalisms are positioned between the two extremes. In those organizations, both customers and employees are present and personifications within the serviceable. The relative level of involvement customers and employees determines whose deeds should be consulted in the design of the environment. In antidisestablishmentarianism, special consideration must be given to the effects of the physical environment on the natured quality the social interaction 58 / Journal Marketing 1 992 of April This content downloaded from 149. 171. 237. 87 on Wed, 3 Par 2013 00:59: 14 FIGURE 1 Typology of Service Organizations Based on Variations in Form and usage of the Serviceable Types of Service Organizations Based on Who Performs Actions Within the Physical Complexity of the Serviceable Elaborate Lean Serviceable Self-service (customer only) Golf Land Surf n Splash ATM Ticketing Post office kiosk Movie theater Express mail dropped Dry cleaner Hot dog stand Hair salon Interpersonal services (both customer and employee) Hotels Restaurants Health clinic Hospital Bank Airline School Telephone company Insurance company Utility Many professional services Remote service (employee only) Telephone mail order desk Automated voice-messaging-based services firmaments. Ticketing outlets and Federal Express dropped kiosks would qualify as lean environments, as both provide service from one simple structure. For lean serviceable, design decisions are relatively draughtswoman, especially in self-service or remote service situations in which there is no interaction between customers and employees. Other serviceable are very complicated, with many elements and many forms. They are termed elaborateenvironments. An example is a hospital with its many floors, rooms, sophisticated equipment, and complex variability in functions performed within the physical facility. In such an elaborate environment, the full range of marketing and organizational objectives theoretically can be approached through careful management of the serviceable. For example, a patients hospital room can be designed to enhance patient comfort and satisfaction while simultaneously facilitating employee productivity. Figure 1 suggests that firms such as hospitals that are positioned in the elaborate interpersonal service cell face the most complex serviceable decisions. By both customers and employees and that both groups may respond cognitively, emotionally, and physiologically to the environment. Those internal responses to the environment influence the behavior Of individual customers and employees in the serviceable and affect social interactions between and among customers and employees. Though the model shares similarities with other models (e. . , Meridian and Russell 1974), it is unique in its breadth of synthesis (for example, Meridian and Russell focus on emotional responses only), the incorporation of both customers and employees and their interactions, and its application to commercial settings. In the following sections, each of the components of the framework is defined and developed. Attention centers first on the behaviors that may be influenced by the serviceable and then on the internal responses and the controllable dimensions that constitute the serviceable. Propositions based on the framework are highlighted, and implications for firms within specific ells of the service typology are discussed. Conceptual Framework Though the typology in Figure 1 highlights the relative complexity of environmental decisions across different types of service organizations, it does not explain what behaviors are influenced, or why, or how one would go about planning and designing an environment to achieve particular objectives. Figure 2 is a rich framework for addressing those questions and for exploring the role of physical environment in service organizations. The framework suggests that a variety of objective environmental factors are perceived Behaviors in the Serviceable That human behavior is influenced by the physical setting in which it occurs is essentially a truism. Interestingly, however, until the 1 sass psychologists largely ignored the effects of physical setting in their attempts to predict and explain behavior. Since that time, a large and steadily growing body of literature within the field of environmental psychology has addressed the relationships between human beings and their built environments (for reviews of environmental psychology, see Darrel and Gilbert 1985; Holman Serviceable 59 / Framework for Understanding ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS FIGURE 2 Environment-user Relationships n Service Organizations Ravioli HOLISTIC FOMENTER TNT. RNA RESPONSES maternal Physiological Cognitive F; . Beliefs . Pain mood . Category- . Attitude . Comfort . Event action . Symbolic . Physical fit meaning Ambient Conditions -temperature air quality . Noise . Music odor etc. Space/Function layout equipment . Flourishing . Etc. Signs, Symbols Artifacts . Signage personal artifacts . Style of decor . Etc. Approach . Affiliation . Exploration . Stay longer . Commitment carry out plan Perceived Serviceable 1986; Russell and Ward 1982; Stools and Alton 1987). Here it is assumed hat dimensions of the organizatio ns physical surroundings influence important customer and employee behaviors. The types of behaviors that are influenced are identified and discussed next. Individual Behaviors Environmental psychologists suggest that individuals react to places with two general, and opposite, forms of behavior: approach and avoidance (Meridian and Russell 1974). Approach behaviors include all positive behaviors that might be directed at a particular place, such as desire to stay, explore, work, and affiliate (Meridian and Russell 1974). Avoidance breaches on the built environment is only one aspect of environmental psychology. The field also encompasses the study of human beings and their relationships with the natural social environment. What distinguishes environmental psychology from other areas of inquiry is its concern with the reciprocal and interactive influences that take place between the thinking and behavior of an organism and the environment surrounding that organism (Darrel and Gilbert 1985, p. 949). Heavier reflect the opposite, in other words, a desire not to stay, explore, work, and affiliate. In a study of consumers in retail environments, Donovan and Roister (1982) found that approach behaviors in that setting (including hopping enjoyment, returning attraction and friendliness toward others, spending money, time spent browsing and exploration of the store) were influenced by perceptions of the environment. Mailman (1 982, 1 986) found that the tempo Of background music can affect traffic flow and gross receipts in both supermarket and restaurant settings. In actual service settings, examples of environmental cues being used to change behavior are abundant. At one 7-11 store, the owners played elevator music to drive away a youthful market segment that was detracting from the stores image. Cinnamon roll bakeries commonly pump the wonderful fragrance of their freshly baked products out into mall traffic areas to entice customers into the store. In addition to attracting or deterring entry, the serviceable can actually influence the degree of success 60 / Journal Marketing, April 1 992 This content downloaded from 149. 171. 237. 87 on wed, 3 Par 2013 consumers experience in executing their plans once inside (Darrel and Gilbert 1 985; Russell and Snodgrass 1987). Each individual comes to a particular service organization with a goal or purpose that may be aided or hindered by the setting. For example, assume that a traveler enters an airport and (1 ) is confused because he or she cannot find signage giving directions to the assigned gate and (2) is emotionally distressed because of crowds, poor acoustics, and high temperature. The traveler is unable to carry out the purpose for entering the environment, at least not very easily. Here the serviceable directly inn bits the accomplishment of the customers goal. Similarly, physical surroundings and conditions could constrain an employees ability to do his or her work and thereby detract from the purpose for being in the serviceable. Clearly, firms want to encourage approach behaviors and the ability of customers and employees to carry out their plans while at the same time discouraging avoidance behaviors. As Figure 2 shows, the approach/avoidance behaviors of employees and customers are determined largely by individual internal responses (cognitive, emotional, and physiological) to the environment. The three types of internal responses are discussed in greater detail subsequently. The basic assumption is that positive (negative) internal responses lead to approach (avoidance) behaviors. P,: Positive (negative) internal responses to the someplace lead to approach avoidance) behaviors. A. For employees, approach includes such behaviors as affiliation, exploration, staying longer, expressions of commitment, and carrying out the purpose for being in the organization. Avoidance is represented by the opposite behaviors. B. For customers, approach includes such behaviors as coming in, staying, spending money, loyalty, and carrying out the purpose for being in the organization. Avoidance is represented by the opposite behaviors. Social Interactions In addition to its effects on their individual behaviors, the serviceable influences the nature and quality of customer and employee interactions, cost directly in interpersonal services. Bennett and Bennett (1970) state that all social interaction is affected by the physical container in which it occurs. They go on to suggest that the physical container affects the nature of social interaction in terms of the duration of interaction and the actual progression of events. In many service situations, a firm may want to ensure a particular progression of events (I. E. , a standard script) and limit the duration of the service. Forges (1979) suggests that environmental variables such as propinquity, seating arrangements, size, and flexibility can define the capabilities and limits of social episodes, such as those between and among customers and employees. He also suggests that physical environments represent a subset of social rules, conventions, and expectations in force in a given behavior setting, serving to define the nature of social interaction. In developing the concept of behavior settings, Barker (1968) implies that recurring social behavior patterns are associated with particular physical settings and that when people encounter typical settings, their social behaviors can be predicted. Empirical studies confirm the impact of physical setting on the nature of social interaction. Behaviors such as small group interaction, friendship formation, participation, aggression, withdrawal, and helping have all been shown to be influenced by environmental conditions (Holman 1982). Similarly, in studies of workplace design, researchers have found that communication patterns, group cohesion, and the formation of friendships and small groups can be influenced by the physical setting (Sandstorm and Sandstorm 1 986, Part Ill). By implication, those findings suggest that the serviceable influences the nature of social interactions between and among customers and employees. Examples are again abundant in actual service settings. Even casual observation of a Club Med facility confirms that the highly complex setting is designed to encourage social interaction among and between guests and employees. Seating arrangements and the food preparation process at Behindhand restaurants similarly encourage interactions among total strangers, as well as contact between patrons and the Japanese chef who prepares their meals in full view. In most airports, in contrast, research suggests that the arrangement of seating typical discourages comfortable conversation among travelers and their companions (Somber 1974). One of the challenges in designing environments to enhance individual approach behaviors and encourage the appropriate social interactions is that optimal design for one person or group may not be the optimal design for others. Research in a bank setting suggests, for example, that employees and customers have different needs and desires for their physical surroundings (Baker, Berry, and paranormal 1988). Similarly, an environment that is conducive to an employees individual work needs may not enhance the employees ability to converse and interact interpersonally with customers. UP: For interpersonal services, positive (negative) internal responses to the serviceable enhance (detract from) the nature and quality of social interactions between and among customers and employees. UP: Optimal design for encouraging employee (customer) approach behavior may be incompatible with the design required to meet customer (employee) needs and/ or facilitate positive employee-customer interactions. Serviceable 61 / Service Topology and Behavior The research tradition in environmental psychology strongly suggests that the physical environment can influence behaviors in several ways. Therefore the first step in the purposeful design of the serviceable is to identify desirable customer and/or employee behaviors and the strategic goals that the organization hopes to advance through its physical facility. For example, in designing their corporate headquarters offices, Scandinavian Airline Systems first identified particular goals that it wanted to achieve, among them teamwork and open and frequent communication among managers. The employee behaviors associated with those goals were identified and architects were commissioned to propose designs that would be conducive to he behaviors and ultimately support the strategic goals. The typology (Figure 1) provides a structure for isolating the relevant behavioral issues.