Philosophy - The Only Truth Ex :: essays research papers

"We are, then, faced with a quite simple alternative Either we deny that there is here anything that undersurface be called virtue - a choice that would make us deny what we experience most profoundly as our own being or we mustiness look beyond the realm of our "natural" experience for a validation of our certainty."A famous philosopher, Rene Descartes, once stated, "I am, therefore I exist." This statement holds the only truth found for certain in our "natural" experience that, as conscious beings, we exist. Whether we are our own creators, a creation, or the object of evolution, just as broad as we swear that we think, we are proved to exist. Thinking about our thoughts is an automatic validation of our self-consciousness. Descartes claims, "But certainly I should exist, if I were to persuade my self of something." And so, I should conclude that our existence is a truth, and may be the only truth, that we should find its certainty. Fro m the "natural" experiences of our being, we hold beliefs that we find are our personal truths. From these experiences, we have learned to find out life with reason and logic we have established our brain of reality and we believe that true perceptions are what we sense and see. But it is our sense of reason and logic, our idea of reality, and our perceptions, that may likely to be very wrong. Subjectiveness, or personal belief, is almost always, liable for self-contradiction. Besides the established truth that we exist, there are no other truths that are certain, for the fact that subjective truth may be easily refuted. Every person possesses his or her own truth that may be contradicting to other persons belief. A truth, or hotshot that is true for all, cannot by achieved because of the constant motion of circumstances of who said it, to whom, when, where, why, and how it was said. What wizard person may believe a dog is a mans best friend, another may believe that a dogs is a mans worse enemy. What one may believe is a pencil, to another is not a pencil, but a hair pin. Where one may believe that a bottle is an instrument, one may believe is a toy, where another may believe is a beverage container. Where one will understand the moving vehicle "car," one great power understand "car" as a tree.

Importance of the Tutor in Electra Essay -- electra

Importance of the bus in Electra When delving into a novel, drama or other character-based text, analysts often focus their search rough the supposed major characters who seem to most directly affect the work. In considering Electra, however, just as valuable as Orestes, Clytemnestra or Electra herself is a somewhat electric shaver character, the Tutor. This attendant of Orestes emerges only trine times and is on stage for less than twenty percent of the spoken lines, yet his use in driving the plot of ground is as great as any. If Aristotle, one of the true masters of ancient thought, is correct in saying The Plot, then(prenominal), is the first principle, and, as it were, the soul of a tragedy, then the Tutor ordure truly be considered one of the most significant characters in the entire drama. The relationship between the Tutor and Aristotles conception of tragedy can be carried further, for in his Poetics Aristotle claims, disaster is an imitation of an action that is co mplete and whole...A whole that has a beginning, a middle, and an end. If this is believed, the Tutors appearances become an even better match for the tragic form. His three presentations on stage are quite auspicious numerically, and geometrically they form a nearly perfect spread from beginning to middle to end. With each of these appearances the Tutor sets in motion some critical aspect of the plot, thus making himself an agent of another of Aristotles notions But most important of all is the structure of the incidents. For Tragedy is an imitation, not of men, but of an action and of life, and life consists in action. The Tutor truly drives the action of this play, functioning as a glue to hold the plot unitedly and as a catalyst to keep it moving forward. ... ...alls him the only one I found / Remaining loyal at our fathers murder(1351-1352). Such an topic brings the true depth of the Tutor into the open he is perhaps the most steadfast character in the entire drama, the one who committed himself to Orestes cause not out of familial obligation but simply out of loyalty. The Tutor sets this play in motion, propels it in the middle and then continues it towards its end. Such a resolute nature contrasts greatly with Electras, and without the Tutors influence this may have simply been a fifteen hundred line saga of her personal woes. Though traditional analysis makes the Tutors role seem secondary, it is deceptively important, yet another deception that is quite appropriate for such an individual. Works CitedEuripides. Electra. Trans. Philip Vellacott. Medea and Other Plays. Baltimore Penguin Classics, 1963.

Computer Viruses :: essays research papers

Computer VirusesA virus is a program that copies itself without the knowledge of the computeruser. Typically, a virus spreads from one computer to another by adding itselfto an existing piece of executable code so that it is executed when its hostcode is run. If a virus if found, you shouldnt panic or be in a hurry, andyou should work systematically. Dont rushA Viruse may be classified by its method of concealment (hiding). Some arcalled stealth viruses because of the way that they hide themselves, and virtuallywhatpolymorphic because of the way they change themselves to avoid scanners fromdetecting them.The most common classification relates to the sort of executable code which thevirus attaches itself to. These are Partition Viruses stir Viruses File Viruses Overwriting VirusesAs well as replicating, a virus may carry a Damage routine.There is also a set of programs that are related to viruses by virtue of theirintentions, appearances, or users likely reactions. For example Droppers Failed viruses Packagers Trojans Jokes Test filesTHE DAMAGE ROUTINEDamage is defined as something that you would prefer not to assume happened. It ismeasured by the amount of time it takes to reverse the damage.Trivial damage happens when all you have to do is get rid of the virus. Theremay be some audio or visual effect often there is no effect at all.Minor damage occurs when you have to replace some or all of your executablefiles from clean backups, or by re-installing. Remember to run FindVirus againafterwards.Moderate damage is done when a virus trashes the badly disk, scrambles the FAT,or low-level formats the drive. This is recoverable from your last backup. Ifyou take backups every day you lose, on average, half a days work.Major damage is done by a virus that gradually corrupts data files, so that youare unaware of what is happening. When you discover the problem, these corruptedfiles are also backed up, and you might have to restore a very old backup to get valid data.Severe damage is done by a virus that gradually corrupts data files, but youcannot apprehend the corruption (there is no simple way of knowing whether the data isgood or bad). And, of course, your backups have the same problem.Unlimited damage is done by a virus that gives a third party access to yournetwork, by stealing the supervisor password. The damage is then done by thethird party, who has control of the network.

Becoa Report On Investing Currencies In The Far East :: essays research papers

BECOA Report on Investing Currencies in the Far EastIntroductionIn the world today, the possibilities are endless for people who want to flummox money. These opportunities may exist in the form of a bond, funds,stock, or business venture, but the common tie between them is that it ispossible to make money if you question the market and impose the properstrategic plans. In this report, the issue of investing money in the currencymarkets of the Far East will be my important scene of action of interest. The Far East offersgreat potential for a currency trader who wishes to make money. I also have theoption of investing in the European currency market as well, but I feel that theEuropean market is somewhat too volatile for any significant gains to be made bypursuing any countries within. As is evident from classroom work in thiscourse, the Far East has the greatest potential of any area in the world to bethe next big area, in terms of economic expansion. With the many countriesavail able to select for currency trade, it is very difficult for a student withlimitedresources to accurately and to the best of his or hers ability to makeany significant amount of money on the currency market. However, I believe thatby my researching the countries trends in areas such as Inflation, CapitalInvestments, Unemployment, Exports, Budget balances, and Real Growth rates, thatthis is the key to making money through currency exchange. In this report myselections for currency exchange will justified by using the above areas as wellas currency trends and volatilities, that prove Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore,Thailand, and Taiwan were all good strategic investments.JapanThe first country that I chose to buy currency in was Japan. Japan, asmany people know is a country that has proven itself as having one of theworlds most powerful and stable economies. When we examine the Real GrowthRate in Japan (Fig. 1, pg 7), we can see that the Japanese economy is maturationevery year over the c harts history. In the late 80s and early nineties theJapanese economy was peaking and still continues to grow, with recent reportsthat the Japanese economy could rise erstwhile again as seen in the chart with 1995sincrease. The second factor for Japan that I took into affect was their low directs of inflation. In (Fig. 2, pg 7), we can see that the inflation level inJapan is very low, which means that the cost of goods in Japan does not widely

The Great Mystery of the Pyramids Essay -- History, Building and Const

The gigantic pyramids of Egypt are undoubtedly one of the most recognize and admired landmarks in the world. Built to pay tribute to gods and pharaohs, the pyramids were of great importance to the Egyptians, and the mystery of their construction continues to amaze us today. Many theories pertaining to how the pyramids were built have been suggested, however, no(prenominal) are as well supported or intelligible as the heave-ho order of quarrying and cutting limestone. Joseph Davidovits theory disproving this, in which states the pyramids were moulded, is not plausible. Substantial personal evidence which is concordant with the Egyptologists portrayal of the heave-ho method has been found. The entire process of building a pyramid with this method is possible, as demonstrated by thorough experiments and outline of the Egyptian culture. Indisputably, the Great Pyramids of Giza were constructed by quarrying limestone, and the use of ramps, sleds, and cutting tools, owing to the ing enuity and strength of highly organized Egyptian workers.Joseph Davidovits, a French chemist, has proposed that the pyramids were create using a special concrete mixture, and then poured into wooden moulds where it hardened (Alt. theory 3).While Davidovits claims to have explained aspects of pyramid construction which the heave-ho theory could not, the mould theory has galore(postnominal) faults, rendering it delicate and improbable. Firstly, the stones used in building the pyramids were of diverse shapes (Article 5). The shape of the stones would be uniform if they were created in moulds of exact dimensions. If each stone was created in a uniquely forge mould, it would account for the diversity in shape. However, building thousands, or even hundreds, of moulds would have been e... ...gods they worshiped. In spite of the efforts of other theorists trying to refute this process, in that location is a rattling low number of faults in the heave-ho method. Most of the improbabili ties and doubts can be explained with proven experiments, as well as examining the Egyptian lifestyle.In conclusion, the heave-ho method is the strongest and most possible theory of pyramid construction, due to the weakness of other theories, significant physical evidence, and how possible it is to achieve. This method irrefutably shows how the hardworking and inventive Egyptians used torrential resources to create majestic pyramids, by working in highly organized teams, and using tools and machines such as chisels, hammers, and ramps. The actual process of how the pyramids were built may never become know to us however, the heave-ho method is the closest idea we have to the truth. The Great Mystery of the Pyramids Essay -- History, Building and ConstThe Great pyramids of Egypt are undoubtedly one of the most recognized and admired landmarks in the world. Built to pay tribute to gods and pharaohs, the pyramids were of great importance to the Egyptians, and the my stery of their construction continues to amaze us today. Many theories pertaining to how the pyramids were built have been suggested, however, none are as well supported or intelligible as the heave-ho method of quarrying and cutting limestone. Joseph Davidovits theory disproving this, in which states the pyramids were moulded, is not plausible. Substantial physical evidence which is consistent with the Egyptologists portrayal of the heave-ho method has been found. The entire process of building a pyramid with this method is possible, as demonstrated by thorough experiments and analysis of the Egyptian culture. Indisputably, the Great Pyramids of Giza were constructed by quarrying limestone, and the use of ramps, sleds, and cutting tools, owing to the ingenuity and strength of highly organized Egyptian workers.Joseph Davidovits, a French chemist, has proposed that the pyramids were formed using a special concrete mixture, and then poured into wooden moulds where it hardened (Alt. th eory 3).While Davidovits claims to have explained aspects of pyramid construction which the heave-ho theory could not, the mould theory has many faults, rendering it weak and improbable. Firstly, the stones used in building the pyramids were of diverse shapes (Article 5). The shape of the stones would be uniform if they were created in moulds of exact dimensions. If each stone was created in a uniquely fashioned mould, it would account for the diversity in shape. However, building thousands, or even hundreds, of moulds would have been e... ...gods they worshiped. In spite of the efforts of other theorists trying to refute this process, there is a very low number of faults in the heave-ho method. Most of the improbabilities and doubts can be explained with proven experiments, as well as examining the Egyptian lifestyle.In conclusion, the heave-ho method is the strongest and most practical theory of pyramid construction, due to the weakness of other theories, significant physical evi dence, and how possible it is to achieve. This method irrefutably shows how the hardworking and inventive Egyptians used abundant resources to create magnificent pyramids, by working in highly organized teams, and using tools and machines such as chisels, hammers, and ramps. The actual process of how the pyramids were built may never become known to us however, the heave-ho method is the closest idea we have to the truth.

The Great Mystery of the Pyramids Essay -- History, Building and Const

The Great pyramids of Egypt are undoubtedly one of the most recognized and admired landmarks in the world. Built to pay allowance to gods and pharaohs, the pyramids were of great greatness to the Egyptians, and the mystery of their construction continues to amaze us today. Many theories pertaining to how the pyramids were built take a shit been suggested, however, none are as well supported or intelligible as the heave-ho method of quarrying and cutting limestone. Joseph Davidovits theory disproving this, in which states the pyramids were moulded, is not plausible. Substantial physical evidence which is consistent with the Egyptologists portrayal of the heave-ho method has been found. The sinless process of grammatical construction a pyramid with this method is possible, as demonstrated by thorough experiments and analysis of the Egyptian culture. Indisputably, the Great Pyramids of Giza were constructed by quarrying limestone, and the delectation of ramps, sleds, and cutting t ools, owe to the ingenuity and strength of highly form Egyptian workers.Joseph Davidovits, a French chemist, has proposed that the pyramids were formed using a special concrete mixture, and because poured into wooden moulds where it determined (Alt. theory 3).While Davidovits claims to have explained aspects of pyramid construction which the heave-ho theory could not, the mould theory has many faults, rendering it weak and improbable. Firstly, the stones used in make the pyramids were of diverse constellations (Article 5). The shape of the stones would be uniform if they were created in moulds of exact dimensions. If each stone was created in a uniquely fashioned mould, it would account for the diversity in shape. However, building thousands, or even hundreds, of moulds would have been e... ...gods they worshiped. In spite of the efforts of other theorists trying to refute this process, there is a very low number of faults in the heave-ho method. Most of the improbabilities a nd doubts arsehole be explained with proven experiments, as well as examining the Egyptian lifestyle.In conclusion, the heave-ho method is the strongest and most practical theory of pyramid construction, collectible to the weakness of other theories, significant physical evidence, and how possible it is to achieve. This method irrefutably shows how the hardworking and inventive Egyptians used abundant resources to create magnificent pyramids, by working in highly organized teams, and using tools and machines such as chisels, hammers, and ramps. The actual process of how the pyramids were built may never become known to us however, the heave-ho method is the close set(predicate) idea we have to the truth. The Great Mystery of the Pyramids Essay -- History, Building and ConstThe Great pyramids of Egypt are undoubtedly one of the most recognized and admired landmarks in the world. Built to pay tribute to gods and pharaohs, the pyramids were of great importance to th e Egyptians, and the mystery of their construction continues to amaze us today. Many theories pertaining to how the pyramids were built have been suggested, however, none are as well supported or intelligible as the heave-ho method of quarrying and cutting limestone. Joseph Davidovits theory disproving this, in which states the pyramids were moulded, is not plausible. Substantial physical evidence which is consistent with the Egyptologists portrayal of the heave-ho method has been found. The entire process of building a pyramid with this method is possible, as demonstrated by thorough experiments and analysis of the Egyptian culture. Indisputably, the Great Pyramids of Giza were constructed by quarrying limestone, and the use of ramps, sleds, and cutting tools, owing to the ingenuity and strength of highly organized Egyptian workers.Joseph Davidovits, a French chemist, has proposed that the pyramids were formed using a special concrete mixture, and then poured into wooden moulds whe re it hardened (Alt. theory 3).While Davidovits claims to have explained aspects of pyramid construction which the heave-ho theory could not, the mould theory has many faults, rendering it weak and improbable. Firstly, the stones used in building the pyramids were of diverse shapes (Article 5). The shape of the stones would be uniform if they were created in moulds of exact dimensions. If each stone was created in a uniquely fashioned mould, it would account for the diversity in shape. However, building thousands, or even hundreds, of moulds would have been e... ...gods they worshiped. In spite of the efforts of other theorists trying to refute this process, there is a very low number of faults in the heave-ho method. Most of the improbabilities and doubts can be explained with proven experiments, as well as examining the Egyptian lifestyle.In conclusion, the heave-ho method is the strongest and most practical theory of pyramid construction, due to the weakness of other theories, s ignificant physical evidence, and how possible it is to achieve. This method irrefutably shows how the hardworking and inventive Egyptians used abundant resources to create magnificent pyramids, by working in highly organized teams, and using tools and machines such as chisels, hammers, and ramps. The actual process of how the pyramids were built may never become known to us however, the heave-ho method is the closest idea we have to the truth.

Irony and Foreshadowing in Poe’s Short Stories Essay

In Poes short stories, he uses literary devices like chaff and foreshadowing to increase reviewer interest in his stories. Irony and Foreshadowing helps to create suspense, anxiety, and humor in his works. They also help to capture the au dampnces attention and draw them into the story. Poes irony and foreshadowing are integrated in The Cask of Amontillado and The Fall of the House of Usher. The Cask of the Amontillado is one of the scoop examples of irony and foreshadowing in Poes works. In this story, almost every detail seems to stand for something else. These ironic details foreshadow Fortunados horrible death.Poes uses irony and foreshadowing to pause suspense and mood throughout this story. The first example of irony in this story lies in the characters name. The name Forunato is ironic because it sounds like the news fortunate. Also Fortunato translates to fortunate one in Italian and suggests good luck. As we know from the beginning of the story, Fortunato is not so fortun ate and his future lies in the detention of Montresor. Other ironies abound in the setting of the Cask of the Amontillado. This story takes place in Italy during Carnival, which is a joyous and happy time full of family, fri dismisss, and food.Carnival is the rifle place one would think of committing a murder. This ironic setting is one of the reasons Montresor is so successful and is why Fortunato is so surprised. A more visual and tongue-in-cheek irony lies in Fortunatos apparel. The man wore motley. He had on a tight-fitting parti-striped dress, and his head was surmounted by the conical cap and bells (Poe Cask). His jovial outfit contrasts with the impending doom that awaits him. Also, it is ironic that Fortunato believes that he is intelligent on the subject of wines, only he is dressed as a fool.In sum to irony, forshadowing is evident in the opening paragraph of the Cask of the Amontillado. Montresors first words to the reader are The thousand injuries of Fortunato I ha d borne as I best could, besides when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge. You, who so well know the nature of my soul, go out not suppose, however, that gave utterance to a threat. At length I would be avenged this was a point definitely, settled but the very definitiveness with which it was resolved precluded the idea of risk. I must not only punish but punish with impunity (Poe Cask).Clearly, Montresor has serious intentions for Fortunato, and these comments foreshadow Montresors vengeance on Forunato at the end of the story. Montresor says he must not only punish but punish with impunity. This foreshadows how an insult drove Montresor to take justice into his own hands and implies that Forunatos punishment was deserved. Later in the story we see how this justice is truly just an excuse for murder. Another instance of foreshadowing is when Montresor and Fortunato are in the vaults, looking for the cask of Amontillado. Fortunato begins to cough and says, Enough, the coughs a mere zero point it will not kill me.I shall not die of a cough (Poe Cask). This foreshadows his death because Fortunato was right in that he would not die of a cough but that he would die of something much more sinister. The clueless Fortunato also mentions that he has forgotten what Montresors family come out of arms looks like. Montresor describes his coat of arms as A huge human foot dor, in a field azure the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel (Poe Cask). This symbolically foreshadows Fortunatos death because Montresor represents the human foot crushing the serpent, which represents Fortunato.This coat of arms shows that Montresor was not the first in his family to take justice into his own hands, a hint that Fortunato does not pick up on. The Fall of the House of Usher also makes good use of irony and foreshadowing. It is one of Poes most well-known short stories and is considered one of his best. This story shows us how important irony and foreshadowing are to a gothic story by providing suspense and humor to Poes stories. One instance of irony in The Fall of the House of Usher is in one of Ushers many paintings. In this painting, Usher paints a vault for the burial of a body.This is ironic because it portrays the tomb in which Madeline will be buried. It also shows how maam Madeline would be buried alive. This painting signifies Ushers dark thoughts and leads us to believe that he planned to bury Lady Madeline alive. Another example of irony is when the fibber reads Usher the story the Mad Trist. The narrator reads this story in order to calm both his and Ushers nerves. This is ironic because the Mad Trist is a scoffing about a medieval romance. Poe introduces this story at the greatest moment of tension in the story the Narrator cannot sleep, a storm rages outside, and Usher is on the brink of hysteria.The narrator could not have picked a worse time to read this book. (Poe Usher). Probably the most ironic part o f the story was the alter that Lady Madeline experiences before she is buried and after she is buried. When the narrator first sees Madeline, before she is buried, she is lifeless and can barely move or talk. After she comes back from macrocosm buried alive however, she has much more of an impact on the people and things around her. When she comes back from the dead, she has enough strength to tackle and kill Usher. This shows us that Lady Madeline has grown since her death.The Fall of the House of Usher is known for its Gothic elements. In this story Poe describes the house as bleak, gloomy, and close to crumbling down. When the narrator first sees the house at the beginning of the story he says, I know not how it was but, with the first glimpse of the building, a sense of insufferable gloom pervaded my spirit (Poe 139). The gloom and nakedness of the house foreshadows the doom and horrors that will occur inside the house later on in the story. Poe lets us know from the beginni ng of the story that something execrable will happen inside that house.Poes description of the Lady Madeline as having affections of a partially cataleptical character (155) predicts her early death. The word cataleptical means to be in a state in which consciousness and feeling are lost and the body assumes a death-like rigidity. Lady Madelines description foreshadows her death because she is described as lifeless and lost. She seems as if she was already dead. The most obvious example of foreshadowing in this story lies in the title. The Fall of the House of Usher foreshadows what will happen to not only the physical House of Usher, but also the symbolic House of Usher.Symbolically, the House of Usher represents the bloodline of Ushers. When the house crumbles to the ground at the end of the story, it represents the end of the Usher bloodline. The Cask of Amontillado and The Fall of the House of Usher give a multitude of examples of both irony and foreshadowing. Poe uses these lit erary devices to develop suspense and mood in these stories. Without these literary devices, his stories would seem flat and boring. Poes literary devices are what captured and maintained my interests thought his stories.

Finlands Education System Essay

The Finland Phenomenon a name given to Finlands admired education system. It is listed as the most surprising rail system in the world. Its success is intently watched by other countries. The assigned video Finlands Education Success was documented by Tom Burridge of BBC World News the States on April 6, 2010. Week four Reading Journal for English 101 was a writing assignment asking students if the system could be implemented in the United States. Finlands schools score consistently at the top of the world rankings yet the pupils have the fewest number of class hours in the developed world. The proof is in the results and Finland has an education system other countries should learn from and envy.The transformation of Finlands education system began 40 years ago as a key component to an economic recovery plan. The educators had no idea it was so successful until the year 2000, when a standardized test was given to fifteen years hoar students. The results revealed the scores. The Finnish y step forwardh came out on top as the best readers in the world. Three years later the youth led the scores in math as well. By 2006 Finland was first out of 57 countries. The Finnish answer to standardized test has been to only give exams to small groups of students and to trust in teachers. In 1991 the National Board of Education closed its inspectorate.Teachers in Finland design their own courses using a national curriculum as a take place and spend about eighty percent as much clipping leading classes as their U. S. counterparts do. Finnish teachers have sufficient opportunity to plan littleons and get together with colleagues. Teachers in Finland spend fewer hours at school and less time in the classroom than Ameri squirt teachers. In 1979 reformers decided that every teacher in Finland earn a fifth-year masters degree in theory and practice at one of the eight state universities. From that time forward teachers were given equal status with doctors and lawyers. Teaching programs were flooded with applicants not because the salaries were that high, but because respect made the job so attractive. Pasi Sahlberg a former physics teacher points out We prepare pincerren to learn how to learn and not how to take a test.All children- clever or less so- were to be taught in the same classrooms, with heaps of supernumerary teacher help available to make sure no child would be left behind. Compulsory school in Finland doesnt set forth until children reach the age of seven. Children learn better when they are ready. Why stress them out? Finnish culture values childhood independence children get themselves to school by either walking or biking. Upon arrival at school, children remove their shoes to maintain a relaxed atmosphere. Finnish children spend far more time playing outside even in the depth of winter. The children cant learn if they dont play.The children must play The Finnish children are provided with seventy-five minutes of recess a d ay compared to the average of twenty-seven for U. S children. Finnish schools dont assign homework because it is assumed the task is know in the classroom. Children are also mandated to take lots of arts and crafts and learning by doing. This is a far cry from the U. S concentration on testing in reading and math since the enactment of No Child Left commode in 2002. The focus in Finland is on the individual child.If a child is falling behind, the highly trained staff recognizes and addresses the issues to meet the childs needs. Nearly thirty percent of the children in Finland receive some kind of special help during their first nine years in school. The true focus on education is equal opportunity for all. Finnish educators have a overweight time understanding the United States fascination with standardized tests. Americans like all these bars and graphs and colored charts. Its nonsense. We know far more about the children than these tests can tell us. Finland has a culture of collaboration between schools, not challenger.All schools perform at the same level and there is no status in attending a particular facility. Finland has no private schools and all Finlands schools are publicly funded. It is surprising to know that Finland spends about thirty percent less per student to achieve their far superior educational outcomes. The people in the government agencies running the schools from the national officials to the local officials are educators, not business people, soldiery leaders or career politicians.The United States has muddled along in the middle of the pack for the past decade. Government officials have attempted to introduce competition into public schools. President Obamas Race to the Top initiative invites states to compete for federal dollars using tests and other methods to measure teachers, a philosophy that goes against everything the Finnish schools stand for. If you only measure the statistics, you miss the human aspect. Fortunately U nited States Federal policies continue to move away from the rigid certainties of the No Child Left Behind legislation.The law has set an unrealistic target for one hundred percent student proficiency in every school by 2014. I couldnt agree more with the Finland approach to education. In order for the United States to come close to Finlands success a major change would need to occur. A change I believe would take decades to complete. The Finns have made it clear, that in any country, no matter its size or composition, there is much lore to minimizing testing and instead investing in broader curricula, smaller classes, and better training, pay and treatment of teachers. The United States should take heed.

Smart Material

SMART MATERIALS ABSTRACT The world has undergone two clobbers ages, the plastics age and the composite age, during the past centuries. In the midst of these two ages a new season has demonstrable. This is the invigorated actuals era. According to early definitions, smart materials ar materials that respond to their environments in a timely manner. The definition of smart materials has been expanded to materials that receive, transmit or butt a stimulus and respond by producing a utilizeful issuing that may overwhelm a signal that the materials are acting upon it. Smart materials polish off a wide and developing range of technologies.A peculiar(a) type of smart material, known as chromogenics, send word be usanced for large areaglazing in buildings, automobiles, planes, and for certain(p) types of electronic display. Smart materials cast off been around for many years and they have found a large mo of applications. There are many types of the materials submit some o f them listed below work memory profane 2) Piezoelectric materials 3) Magnetostrictive materials 4) Magneto- and electro-rheological materials 5) Chromic materials Due to the property of responding quickly with environment and many applications in daily life smart materials deserve a great future scope.I. INTRODUCTION Smart materials have been around for many years and they have found a large number of applications. The use of the terms smart and intelligent to describe materials and systems came from the US and started in the 1980? s despite the fact that some of these so-called smart materials had been around for decades. Many of the smart materials were developed by government agencies working on military and aerospace projects but in recent years their use has transferred into the civil sector for applications in the construction, transport, medical, leisure and house servant areas.The introductory problem encountered with these unusual materials is defining what the word sma rt? actually means. One dictionary definition of smart describes something which is a stute or operating as if by human intelligence and this is what smart materials are. A and back again when you return inside. This stopping point is do from a smart material which is described as cosmos photochromic. There are many groups of smart materials, each exhibiting particular properties which quarter be harnessed in a variety of elevated-tech and e rattlingday applications. These include abidance memory smart material is one which reacts to its environment aby itself.The deepen is inherent to the material and non a result of some pitch in volume, a reassign in colour or a turn in viscosity and this may occur in response to a tilt in temperature, stress, electrical current, or magnetized survey. In many cases this reaction is reversible, a common theoretical account be the coating on spectacles which reacts to the level of UV light, turning your ordinary glasses into sunglas ses when you go outside corrupts, piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheological and electro-rheological materials, magnetostrictive materials and chromic materials which change their colour in reaction to various stimuli.The differentiation between a smart material and a smartstructure should be emphasised. A smart structure incorporates some form of actuator and sensor (which may be do from smart materials) with control hardware and software to form a system which reacts to its environment. Such a structure might be an transmitcraft wing which continuously alters its visibility during flight to give the optimum mildew for the operating conditions at the time. II SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are one of the to the highest degree comfortably known types of smart material and they have found extensive uses in the 70 years since their discoveryWhat are SMAs? A strain memory fault was first observed in 1932 in an alloy of gold and cadmium, and then later in bras s in 1938. The shape memory exit (SME) was seen in the gold-cadmium alloy in 1951, but this was of little use. Some ten years later in 1962 an equiatomic alloy of titanium and nickel was found to exhibit a meaningful SME and Nitinol (so give awayd because it is made from nickel and titanium and its properties were discovered at the Naval Ordinance Laboratories) has become the most common SMA.Other SMAs include those based on copper (in particular CuZnAl), NiAl and FeMnSi, though it should be noted that the NiTi alloy has by far the most superior properties. How do SMAs work? The SME describes the process of a material changing shape or remembering a particular shape at a specific temperature (i. e. its transformation or memory temperature). Materials which can only exhibit the shape change or memory tack together once are known as one way SMAs. However some alloys can betrained to show a two-way effect in which they remember two shapes, one below and one above the memory tempera ture.At the memory temperature the alloy undergoes a solid evoke phase transformation. That is, the crystal structure of the material changes resulting in a volume or shape change and this change in structure is called athermo whippy martensitic transformation?. This effect occurs as the material has a martensitic microstructure below the transformation temperature, which is characterised by a zig-zag arrangement of the atoms, known as twins. The martensitic structure is relatively soft and is good deformed by removing the twinned structure.The material has an austenitic structure above the memory temperature, which is much stronger. To change from the martensitic or deformed structure to the austenitic shape the material is simply heat done the memory temperature. Cooling down again reverts the alloy to the martensitic state as shown in reckon 1. The shape change may exhibit itself as either an expansion or contraction. The transformation temperature can be tuned to inwardly a couple of degrees by changing the alloy composition.Nitinol can be made with a transformation temperature anywhere between 100? C and +100? C which makes it very versatile. Where are SMAs utilize? Shape memory alloys have found a large number of uses in aerospace, medicine and the leisure industry. A few of these applications are described below. Medical applications kind of fortunately Nitinol is biocompatible, that is, it can be utilize in the body without an adverse reaction, so it has found a number of medical uses. These include stents in which sound of SMA wire hold open a polymer tube to pen up a blocked vein , blood filters, and bone plates which contract upon transformation to cull the two ends of the broken bone in to nearlyr contact and encourage more rapid healing . It is possible that SMAs could also find use in dentistry for orthodontic braces which straighten teething. The memory shape of the material is made to be the desired shape of the teeth. This is then deformed to fit the teeth as they are and the memory is activated by the temperature of the mouth. The SMART exerts enough force as it contracts to move the teeth slowly and gradually.Surgical tools, particularly those used in key hole surgery may also be made from SMAs. These tools are often often bent to fit the geometry of a particular patient, however, in order for them to be used again they return to a default shape upon sterilisation in an autoclave. Still many years away is the use of SMAs as artificial ponderositys, i. e. simulating the expansion and contraction of human muscles. This process will utilise a piece of SMA wire in place of a muscle on the sense of a robotic hand.When it is heated, by passing an electrical current through it, the material expands and straightens the joint, on cooling the wire contracts again bending the finger again In reality this is incredibly difficult to achieve since complex software and surrounding systems are also required. Figure 1 C hange in structure associated with the shape memory effect. NASA have been enquirying the use of SMA muscles in robots which walk, fly and swim Domestic applications SMAs can be used as actuators which exert a force associated with the shape change, and this can be repeated over many thousands of cycles.Applications include springs which are incorporated in to greenhouse windows such(prenominal) that they open and close themselves at a given temperature. Along a similar theme are pan lids which incorporate an SMA spring in the steam vent. When the spring is heated by the boiling water in the pan it changes shape and opens the vent, thus preventing the pan from boiling over and primary(prenominal)taining efficient cooking. The springs are similar to those shown in Figure 5. SMAs can be used to replace bimetallic strips in many domestic applications.SMAs offer the advantage of giving a larger deflection and exerting a stronger force for a given change in temperature. They can be used in cut out switches for kettles and former(a) devices, security door locks, attack protection devices such as smoke alarms and cooking safety indicators (for example for checking the temperature of a roast joint). Aerospace applications A more high tech application is the use of SMA wire to control the flaps on the trailing edge of aircraft wings.The flaps are currently controlled by extensive hydraulic systems but these could be replaced by wires which are resistance heated, by passing a current along them, to disclose the desired shape change. Such a system would be easily simpler than the conventional hydraulics, thus reducing maintenance and it would also decrease the weight of the system. Manufacturing applications SMA tubes can be used as couplings for connecting two tubes. The coupling diameter is made slightly smaller than the tubes it is to join. The coupling is deformed such that it slips over the tube ends and the temperature changed to activate the memory.The couplin g tube shrinks to hold the two ends together but can never fully transform so it exerts a constant force on the joined tubes. Why are SMAs so flexible? In amplification to the shape memory effect, SMAs are also known to be very flexible or super elastic, which arises from the structure of the martensite. This property Of SMARTs has also been exploited for example in mobile phone aerials, spectacle frames and the underwire in bras. The kink resistance of the wires makes them useful in surgical tools which need to remain straight as they are passed through the body.Nitinol can be bent significantly further than stainless steel without suffering permanent deformation. Another rather allegory application of SMAs which combines both the thermal memory and super elastic properties of these materials is in intelligent fabrics. Very fine wires are woven in to ordinary polyester cotton fabric. Since the material is super elastic the wires spring back to being straight even if the fabric i s screwed up in a heap at the bottom of the washing basket So creases fall out of the fabric, giving you a true non-iron garmentIn addition the wires in the sleeves have a memory which is activated at a given temperature (for example 38 C) causing the sleeves to roll themselves up and keeping the wearer cool. PIIEZOELECTRIIC MATERIIALS The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880 by Jaques and Pierre Curie who conducted a number of experiments using quartz crystals. This probably makes piezoelectric materials the oldest type of smart material. These materials, which are mainly ceramics, have since found a number of uses. What is the piezoelectric effect?The piezoelectric effect and electrostriction are opposite phenomena and both relate a shape change with voltage. As with SMAs the shape change is associated with a change in the crystal structure of the material and piezoelectric materials also exhibit two crystalline forms. One form is ordered and this relates to the polarisatio n of the molecules. The second state is nonpolarised and this is disordered. If a voltage is applied to the non-polarised material a shape change occurs as the molecules reorganise to align in the electrical battlefield. This is known as electrostriction.Conversely, an electrical field is generated if a mechanised force is applied to the material to change its shape. This is the piezoelectric effect. The main advantage of these materials is the almost instantaneous change in the shape of the material or the generation of an electrical field. What materials exhibit this effect? The piezoelectric effect was first observed in quartz and various other crystals such as tourmaline. Barium titanate and cadmium sulphate have also been shown to demonstrate the effect but by far the most commonly used piezoelectric ceramic today is lead zirconium titanate (PZT).The physical properties of PZT can be controlled by changing the chemistry of the material and how it is processed. There are limit ations associated with PZT like all ceramics it is breakable giving rise to mechanical durability issues and there are also problems associated with joining it with other components in a system. Where are piezoelectric materials used? The main use of piezoelectric ceramics is in actuators. An actuator can be described as a component or material which converts ability (in this case electrical) in to mechanical form.When a electric field is applied to the piezoelectric material it changes its shape very rapidly and very precisely in accordance with the magnitude of the field. Applications exploiting the electrostrictive effect of piezoelectric materials include actuators in the semiconductor industry in the systems used for discussion silicon wafers, in the microbiology field in microscopic cell handling systems, in fibre optics and acoustics, in ink-jet printers where fine movement control is necessary and for vibration damping.The piezoelectric effect can also be used in sensors which generate an electrical field in response to a mechanical force. This is useful in damping systems and earthquake discoverion systems in buildings. But the most well known application is in the sensors which deploy car airbags. The material changes in shape with the impact thus generating a field which deploys the airbag. A novel use of these materials, which exploits both the piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects, is in smart skis which have been designed to perform well on both soft and hard snow. Piezoelectric sensors detect vibrations (i. e. he shape of the ceramic detector is changed resulting in the generation of a field) and the electrostrictive property of the material is then exploited by generating an opposing shape change to cancel out the vibration. The system uses three piezoelectric elements which detect and cancel out large vibrations in real time since the reaction time of the ceramics is very small . By passing an alternating voltage across these material s a vibration is produced. This process is very efficient and almost all of the electrical animation is converted into motion. Possible uses of this property are silent alarms for pagers which fit into a wrist watch.The vibration is silent at low frequencies but at high frequencies an audible sound is also produced. This leads to the conception of solid state speakers based on piezoelectric materials which could also be miniaturised. Do polymers exhibit these effects? noodle polymers work in a similar way to piezoelectric ceramics, however they need to be wet to function. An electrical current is passed through the polymer when it is wet to produce a change in its crystal structure and thus its shape. Muscle fibres are essentially polymeric and operate in a similar way, so research in this field has focussed on potential uses in medicine. ature of the piezoelectric effect making them invaluable for the niche applications which they occupy. MAGNETOSTRIICTIIVE MATERIIALS Magnetostr ictive materials are similar to piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials except the change in shape is related to a magnetic field rather than an electrical field. What are magnetostrictive materials? Magnetostrictive materials convert magnetic to mechanical energy or vice versa. The magnetostrictive effect was first observed in 1842 by James Joule who noticed that a sample of nickel exhibited a change in length when it was magnetised.The other ferromagnetic elements (cobalt and iron) were also found to demonstrate the effect as were alloys of these materials. During the 1960s terbium and dysprosium were also found to be magnetostrictive but only at low temperatures which limited their use, despite the fact that the size change was many times greater than that of nickel. The most common magnetostrictive material today is called TERFENOL-D (terbium (TER), iron (FE), Naval Ordanance Laboratory (NOL) and dysprosium (D)). This alloy of terbium, iron and dysprosium shows a large magn etostrictive effect and is used in transducers and actuators.The original placard of the magnetostrictive effect became known as the Joule effect, but other effects have also been observed. The Villari effect is the opposite of the Joule effect, that is applying a stress to the material causes a change in its magnetization. Applying a torsional force to a magnetostrictive material generates a helical magnetic field and this is known as the Matteuci effect. Its inverse is the Wiedemann effect in which the material twists in the presence of a helical magnet field.How do magnetostrictive materials work? Magnetic materials contain domains which can be likened to tiny magnets within the material. When an external magnetic field is applied the domains rotate to align with this field and this results in a shape change as. Conversely if the material is squashed or stretched by means of an external force the domains are forced to move and this causes a change in the magnetisation. Where are magnetostrictive materials used? Magnetostrictive materials can be used as both actuators (where a magnetic ield is applied to cause a shape change) and sensors (which convert a movement into a magnetic field). In actuators the magnetic field is usually generated by passing an electrical current along a wire. Likewise the electrical current generated by the magnetic field arising from a shape change is usually measured in sensors. Early applications of magnetostrictive materials included telephone receivers, hydrophones, oscillators and scanning sonar. The development of alloys with violate properties led to the use of these materials in a wide variety of applications.Ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducers have been used in ultrasonic cleaners and surgical tools. Other applications include hearing aids, razorblade sharpeners, linear motors, damping systems, positioning equipment, and sonar. MAGNETO AND ELECTRO RHEOLOGIICAL MATERIIALS tout ensemble of the groups of smart material s discussed so far have been based on solids. However, there are also smart fluids which change their rheological properties in accordance with their environment. What are smart fluids? There are two types of smart fluids which were both discovered in the 1940s.Electro-rheological (ER) materials change their properties with the application of an electrical field and consist of an insulating oil such as mineral oil containing a dispersion of solid particles (early experiments used starch, stone, carbon, silica, gypsum and lime). Magnetorheological materials (MR) are again based on a mineral or silicone polymer oil carrier but this time the solid dispersed within the fluid is a magnetically soft material (such as iron) and the properties of the fluid are altered by applying a magnetic field. In both cases the dispersed particles are of the order of microns in size.How do smart fluids work? In both cases the smart fluid changes from a fluid to a solid with the application of the relev ant field. The small particles in the fluid align and are attracted to each other resulting in a dramatic change in viscosity as shown in Figure 7. The effect takes milliseconds to occur and is completely reversible by the removal of the field. Figure 8 clearly shows the effect of a magnet on such an MR fluid. With ER fluids a field strength of up to 6kV/mm is indispensable and for MR fluids a magnetic field of less than 1Tesla is needed. Where are smart fluids used?Uses of these unusual materials in civil engineering, robotics and manufacturing Electrodes Suspension fluid Particle Figure 7 Schematic diagram showing the structure of a electrorheological fluid between two electrodes. The top figure shows the structure in a low field strength where the particles are randomly distributed. When a higher field strength is applied, as in the bottom diagram, the particles align causing a change in the viscosity of the fluid. Figure 8 A puddle of magnetorheological fluid stiffens in the presence of a magnetic field. courtesy of Sandy Hill / University of Rochester) are being explored. But the first industries to identify uses were the automotive and aerospace industries where the fluids are used in vibration damping and variable torque transmission. MR dampers are used to control the suspension in cars to allow the feel of the ride to be varied. Dampers are also used in prosthetic limbs to allow the patient to adapt to various movements for example the change from running to walking. Future Scope The future of smart materials and structures is wide open.The use of smart materials in a product and the type of smart structures that one can design are only limited by ones talents, capabilities, and ability to think outside the box. In an early work5 and as part of before long courses there were discussions pertaining to future considerations. A lot of the brainstorming that resulted from these efforts is now being explored. Some ideas that were in the conceptual st age are now moving forward. human face at the advances in information and comforts provided through smart materials and structures in automobiles. Automobiles can be taken to a garage for service and be hooked p to a diagnostic computer that tells the mechanic what is wrong with the car. Or a light on the dashboard signals maintenance required. Would it not be better for the light to inform us as to the exact nature of the problem and the severity of it? This approach mimics a cartoon that appeared several years ago of an air mechanic near a plane in a hanger. The plane says Ouch and the mechanic says Where do you hurt? One application of smart materials is the work mentioned foregoing of piezoelectric inkjet printer that serves as a chemical delivery to print organic light-emitting polymers in a fine detail on various media.Why not take the same application to synthesize smaller molecules? With the right set one could synthesize smaller molecules in significant amounts for cha racterization and evaluation and in such a way that we could design experiments with relative ease. A new class of smart materials has appeared in the literature. This is the group of smart cohesives. We previously mentioned that PVDF film strips have been placed within an adhesive joint to monitor performance. Khongtong and Ferguson developed a smart adhesive at Lehigh University. 0 They suggested that this new adhesive could form an antifouling coating for boat hulls or for controlling cell adhesion in surgery. The stickiness of the new adhesive can be switched on and off with changes in temperature. The smart adhesive also becomes water repellent when its tackiness wanes. 50 The term smart adhesive is appearing more frequently in the literature. A topic of research that was in the literature a few years ago was smart clothes or wearable computers being studied at MIT. The potential of this concept is enormous. This sounds wonderful as long as we learn how to work smarter, not lo nger.CONCLUSION From the abilities of the smart material to respond the environmental changes the conclusion arises that smart in the name do not meet the definition of being smart, that is, responding to the environment in a reversible manner. Due to their properties they must deserve a great future. REFERENCES 1Mechanical Engineers enchiridion Materials and Mechanical Design, Volume 1, Third Edition. Edited by Myer Kutz. 2www. memorymetals. co. uk 3 www. nitinol. com 4 www. sma-inc. com 5www. cs. ualberta. ca/database/MEMS/sma_mems/sma. html 6http//virtualskies. arc. nasa. gov/research/youdecide/Shapememalloys. html

Mockingbird: Racism and White Community Essay

Also victimized by racism and its repercussions, Helen Robinson, tom turkeys wife, suffered in the aftermath of her husbands struggle and death. Widowed, she must raise her children, maintain her household and work to make a living for herself. Because she is black, a woman, and the wife of a man accused of raping a white woman, Helen has a very difficult time finding work. This is because of the racism in the white community of Maycomb. The only some(prenominal)body who will hire her is Mr. Link Deas, Toms former employer.He does not really need Helens services, but fells bad about what happened to Tom and he is single of the few decent people in Maycomb where annotateed people are concerned. He doesnt really need her, but he said he felt right bad about the way things turned out. (TKAM, pg. 248-249). However, Helen does not escape the touch of racism. On her way to work one morning, Bob Ewell follows Helen, crooning foul words at her, for no reason other than she was Toms wife and he was racist.Although he does not coming her, Helen is terrified of him. Thoroughly frightened, she telephoned Mr. Link at his store, which was not too far from his house (TKAM, pg. 256). Mr. Link Deas makes Bob Ewell leave Helen alone, but she is still frightened of him. Her spirit has become very difficult due to the effects of racism. In a different way, Bob Ewell himself is destroyed by racism. The racism that sparked Tom Robinsons trial leads Bob Ewell to harbour a grudge against Atticus and Judge Taylor, both of whom made him look foolish.He attempts, but fails to burgle John Taylors house. subsequently on, he ardors Atticuss children to exact his revenge on Atticus. A grudge born of racism, courage born of whiskey, and arrogant pride lead to his attack on Jem and Scout, but Arthur Radley comes to the childrens aid. In the struggle, Bob Ewell is killed. It was the grudge he held based on racist beliefs that cause his death. Some may call it justice, some may not, but the irony is undeniable.Of all the corrosive powers humans possess, none ruin other lives and destroy our humanity quite like racism does. This is be in To Kill a Mockingbird by the fates of Tom and Helen Robinson and their tormentor, Bob Ewell. It is unfair that prejudices based on a persons skin colour should wreak such havoc on their lives, and yet it was once commonplace. Although less evident today than it once was, racism remains just as destructive and just as unnecessary.

Mistakes and Misunderstandings

Mistakes and misunderstandings be painful when they occur. nevertheless as life goes on, these occurrences turn into experience that institute value to relationships and life. When asked to define what a mistake really is, one would say it is an act of misdoing or perhaps even an error of judgement. However, as the word itself suggests, such(prenominal) misdoings are unintentional and the doer cannot be fully blamed for his/ her inaccurate action. on the other hand, a misunderstanding maybe elucidated as an unfortunate mail where someone or something is failed to be understood correctly.Whatever said and done, it is evident that mistakes if not neutralised and misunderstandings, if not sorted let out may lead to adept repercussions. A small blunder or minute misunderstanding stands a great chance of leading to immediate heartbreaks and absolute breakdown of other relationships. In the worst- case scenario, it could lead to someones incarceration or demise. However, if neutralis ed or sorted out, mistakes and misunderstandings can give rise to many advantageous effects.A sorted out misunderstanding increases the bond between two people, further securing the relationship and thus adding value to it. Mistakes committed are an added experience in ones life. They further help build the right pathway to success which in the end is what really matters. Even though mistakes and misunderstandings can backfire drastically causing crucial consequences, in my opinion, they are important happenings as in the end they make a huge difference in ones life once neutralised or sorted out.

Advance Directives

What are advance directives? Advance directives are extremely important. It is essential that everyone make somewhat sort of arrangement in advance an unfortunate situation happens to them where these decisions will need to be made. An advance directive is basically a living will or a written statement in which people state the type and amount of care they wish to receive during a terminal illness and as death approaches.Medical Law and Ethics stated that Advance directives limit the type and amount of medical care and treatment that patients will receive if they should become gawky and have a poor prognosis. It is important that directives are placed in writing it is not sufficient for a soulfulness to just tell soulfulness what his or her wishes for treatment are. The courts typically enforce written advance directives. (pg 313) There are four types of advance directives.They are a living will, durable authority of attorney for healthcare, uniform anatomical gift act, and a do not resuscitate order. The living will is a document that a person drafts before becoming incompetent or unable to make healthcare decisions. The durable power of attorney for healthcare is A legal document that empowers another person (proxy) to make healthcare decisions for healthcare for an incompetent patient.It goes into effect after the person becomes incompetent and only pertains to healthcare decisions. The uniform anatomical gift act is a law that allows persons 18 years or older and of sound mind to make a gift of any part of their body for purposes of medical seek or transplantation. The do not resuscitate order is an order placed into a persons medical chart or medical record. It indicates that the person does not wish to be resuscitated if breathing stops. (pg 103)

Financial Performance Analysis Essay

This project work has not formed the priming coat for the award of all degree/ diploma by Bangalore University or any other university. Name of the fall Mr. Jagdish Designation Place Bangalore Date Guides Signature. This is to certify that this project work title A study on the financial performance of the A&S Inc. is based on an first project study conducted by Monisha Tirkey (07JJC08051) of BBM down the stairs the guidance of Mr. Jagadish K. K. This project work is based on veritable and has not formed the basis for the award of any degree / diploma by Bangalore University or any other university.Monisha Tirkey hereby declare that this project work titled A study on the financial performance of the A&S Inc. is based on the original project conducted by me under the guidance of Mr. Jagadish K. K. This has not been submitted earlier for the award of the award of any other degree / diploma from Bangalore University or any other university. Student Name Monisha Tirkey Re gistration Number 07JJC08051 Place Bangalore DateThe successful end of this project would not have been possible without the guidance, help and timely assistance from a number of people. I should at the very outset express my gratitude to the almighty God for his wonderful plan that brought me into this institution for my studies and for percentage me throughout the project. I also thank HOD, Mr. Surendranath Reddy, who encouraged me to undertake this project. I express my sincere give thanks to Mr. Jagdish, my guide, for the valuable help he extended in carrying out this project.