The Consequences For A Child - 1446 Words

The Consequences for a Child in a Single Parent Household It is a well-known fact that single parent families provide less than optimal environments for raising children regardless of the country. The quality of parenting is less when compared to those children who live at home with both of their parents. According to Nicholson, D’Esposito, Lucas, and Westrupp (2014), they suggested there is strong evidence emphasizing how children in single-parent fare more poorly when compared to children in two-parent families, which includes, behavioral and emotional problems, poor school success, lower literacy and achievement in adolescence, higher rates of dropping out of school, young parenthood, single parenthood and relationship instability. It†¦show more content†¦The lack of motivation to stay in school can reflect on their low-test scores and result in a poor educational attainment. According to USDA (2013), single mothers spend over half of their income on housing expens es and a third on child care, leaving the family with less money for educational expenses like school supplies or tutoring. Children in homes with two biological parents differ from those who live in a single parent home based on their educational wellbeing. According to Amato (2005), children that came from a broken family system had worse effects that their peers in school. Using past meta-analysis research from the 1960s-1980s, children were measured for academic success but failed to display high rates due to the weak emotional bonds they shared with their parents. Children that only have one parent have low academic test scores because of the lack of parental support. Those children that had both parents also reported to have a higher standard of living with parental support and an emotional bond. In contrast with children from a single parent home, they had lower life expectancies and motivation in school (Amato, 2015). Amato and Keith (1991) found that children that come from a one parent household has a less likely chance to achieve high grades because of the absence of a parent creates stress for the child. The child can create higher academic scores

Data Encryption Standards Wimax Networks †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Data Encryption Standards Wimax Networks? Answer: Introducation IBMdesignedupthe infocryptographycustomary(DES) figurethatwasthoroughbredas a governmentcustomaryin 1976.The infocryptographycustomaryformula(DEA), aneasyFiestelpreparepiece figure, utilizes afifty sixbit key length andsixty fourbitsq.size. DES figure remaineda regularamong the U.S. Government andcompletely differentgovernmentsround theglobetillthe purposethat itfinishedup plainly conceivableto interruptingunderneathtwenty four hours utilizing basic savage power assaults.During thismanner, DES is presentlythought ofobsoleteand fewersecure. Witha selectedfinishgoalto boostDES, IBMdesignedup the Tripleencodingcustomary(TDES)within thelate 1970's. The Triple economics formula(TDEA) thatmay well bethought ofasthricetheDrug Enforcement Agency, replacessixty fourbit keysusedasa sectionof DES with 192 bits. Thisa lot ofdrawn out key lengthoffersa viable resistance against a savage power assault and in spite of being hypothetically crackin a position,it'sundoubtedlynot handyto interruptTDES utilizinggiftday innovation. Therefore, aninfamyof being genuinely secured has settledon thatacurrentcalltomethodcashconnectedexchanges Ron Rivestdesignedup the "Rivest Cipher" or RC2cryptographycalculation in 1987thatutilizes asixty fourbit piece size and variable key length. RC2 wasat firstcreatedfor Lotus to beusedasa sectionof their Lotus Notes informing programming. RC2 was suited to itschanceand stayed mystery beforereaching tobeovertlyaccessible overthe net. RC2may besplit with 234 picked plaintexts,during thismanner, itsstandingas ain good ordereffectivelybustfigure makes it unacceptable for currentcryptographywants. Features DES TripleDES RC2 Created By IBM 1975 IBM 1978 Ron Rivest 1987 Block size 64 bits 64 bits 64 bits Algorithm Structure Feistel Network Feistel Network Source heavy Feistel Network Key Size 56 bits 112 bits 64 bits by default, 8-128 bits in step of 8 bits Cracked? Yes No Yes Rounds 16 48 16 mixing, 2 mashing Suitability to WiMax Yes Yes Yes Currently used by 802.16e Yes Yes No Existing Cracks Brute force attack Theoretically possible Related Key attack Table 1. Comparison of three encryption standards for WiMax Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies. WPAN Technologies: Remote Network is a remote development which empowers particular frameworks to bestow, using standard traditions remotely. The term is most customarily used as a piece of communicate correspondences compose whose connections in between centre points are developed without the spaghetti of wires. Remote communicate correspondences frameworks are generally executed with some sort of remote information transmission structure that jobs electromagnetic waves, for instance, radio waves, for the transporter and this use by and large occurs at the physical level or "layer" of the framework. In this dynamic world we will discover diverse sorts of remote system. Each of them is vital and has an immense commitment in their separate field. A few systems are for short range and a few are for Wide range, some gives low information rate and some gives high information rates. Additionally the greater part of the innovations can be conveyed as self sorting out, self recuperating. There are bunches o f verities of remote system that relying upon the application, cost and usefulness client can get any of them. In the following segment a concise warm-up presentation of various remote advances is given. Remote individual region systems are short operations remote systems that have been particularly intended for interconnecting versatile and portable registering gadgets, for example, cell phones, Laptops, PDA's, pagers and various other shopper hardware gadgets. Regularly, this sort of systems utilizes some innovation that grants correspondence inside around 10 meters - as such, a short range. The IEEE 802.15 standard characterizes details for the media get to control and physical layers for the remote gadgets in WPANs. Bluetooth The Bluetooth is an IEEE 802.15.1 standard for short-extend arrange innovation which keeps on getting a charge out of quick appropriation in an assortment of data gadgets. As engineers turn out to be more open to making Bluetooth-empowered applications, the cost of Bluetooth radio handsets keeps on falling. Presently days we will discover various gadgets like cell phone, PDA's, tablets are all Bluetooth empowered. Security Basically, there are 3 different methods of security to access Bluetooth between 2 gadgets. Following are security modes: Mode 1: no security, Mode 2: benefit level upheld security Mode 3: connect level upheld security In security mode 1, Bluetooth gadgets can interface with the others without verification. In security mode 2, security methods are started after a channel is built up at the coherent connection control and adjustment convention (L2CAP) level. In this mode, Bluetooth security administrator {link chief) deals with all entrance to administrations and gadgets. In conclusion, in security mode 3, both validation and classification is bolstered. Security methods are started before channel is built up. In addition a mystery connect key is shared by a couple of gadgets for secure correspondence, in this mode. RFID Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an information gathering innovation that employments electronic labels for putting away information. RFID marks don't require perceptible pathway and can be embedded inside groups. Dependent upon the sort of tag and application, they can be perused at a changing extent of partitions. Additionally, RFID-marked compartments preceding onward a vehicle line can be examined normally speedier than bar-coded boxes. In spite of the fact that this innovation was created to supplant standardized tags sooner or later, it has as of now been prevalent for mechanized protest distinguishing proof and store network application. Security RFID data security is indispensableSecurity is a fundamental issue that must be tended to successfullyfrom both a particular and business process point of viewto ensure expansive all-inclusiveness of RFID advancement. RFID must take care of people in general demand for information securityThe overall population must see RFID innovation as protected and secure to mitigate genuine worries about information security and individual protection. The present EPC security is worthy for the time beingCurrent levels of information insurance gave by the EPC global Generation 2 convention speak to a progress over past conventionsand are adequate for the present constrained RFID organizations inside the inventory network. The key security dangers are to front-end RF correspondenceIP correspondence between RFID per users and the system is secure, on account of standard IP arrange security arrangements. The genuine danger is RF correspondence amongst labels and per users. These issues must be tended to by future conventions and extra innovative work. Information security dangers take diverse structuresRogue/clone labels, maverick/unapproved per users, and side-channel assaults (block attempt of per user information by an unapproved gadget) all debilitate information security. Future arrangements will require new security and another convention As organization of RFID achieves the purchaser thing level, new security improvements will be required, setting off a requirement for another Generation 3 convention. Security includes some significant downfalls New safety efforts must adjust viability with cost and unpredictability suggestions. Information security is a developing storyFuture eras of label conventions will empower RFID to take security to another level. Read the following two research papers as follows; please give your critical reflection on the topic of Energy Harvest. As of late, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have pulled in part of consideration because of their inescapable nature and their wide organization in Internet of Things, Cyber Physical Systems, and other developing territories. The constrained vitality related with WSNs is a noteworthy bottleneck of WSN advances. To beat this significant restriction, the plan and improvement of productive and elite vitality reaping frameworks for WSN situations are being investigated. We display a far reaching scientific classification of the different vitality reaping sources that can be utilized by WSNs. We likewise talk about different as of late proposed vitality forecast models that can possibly boost the vitality gathered in WSNs. At last, we distinguish a portion of the difficulties that still should be routed to create financially savvy, effective, and dependable vitality reaping frameworks for the WSN condition. This paper abridges late commitments in the wide zone of vitality reaping remote correspondences. Specifically, we give the present best in class for remote systems made out of vitality collecting hubs, beginning from the data theoretic execution breaking points to transmission planning approaches and asset designation, medium access, and systems administration issues. The developing related range of vitality exchange for self-maintaining vitality gathering remote systems is considered in detail covering both vitality participation perspectives and synchronous vitality and data exchange. Different potential models with vitality reaping hubs at various system scales are explored, and models for vitality utilization at the hubs. References Knospeand, et al., (2004), RFID security, Information Security Technical Report, Volume 9(Issue 4), economics.- 39-50 Siva RAM Muthy, B. S. Manoj, Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols, Prentice Hall PTR, ISBN: 9780131470231. Shaikh, et al, (2016), Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp.- 1041-1054. Ulukus, Sennur, et al, (2015), Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, pp.- 360-381. Oppliger, et al, (2009), SSL and TLS Theory and Practice, Management, Artech House. Pachghare, (2009), Cryptography and Information Security, Delhi, PHI.

Alice in Wonderland Essay Example

Alice in Wonderland Paper There he was alone in the corner of the garden leaning backwards on his deckchair. The sun is shining and the weather is sweet. The type of weather he was looking forward to for his pigeons. They hated the cold. He never seemed the same without his favourite granddaughter, like there was something missing. After all he had only himself and his memories to keep him company. Nobody bothered about him anymore, only his daughter, who to be honest he did not appreciate. He found her attitude towards him annoying and condescending. She treats him like a child. Nobody enjoys being treated like a child, being bossed around all the time, and being patronised. He was contemplating on the past. He had not seen his granddaughter since the day she left home and moved on with her life. She is married now, nobody was there to see the big day, just her and Steven. He began to think back to the day when he realised he had lost her forever I can remember that day as if it was yesterday, the sense of the garden was warm and welcoming, the trees were bristling in the wind and the pigeons were fluttering in their dovecote. Everything was going fine. We will write a custom essay sample on Alice in Wonderland specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Alice in Wonderland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Alice in Wonderland specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I was in the garden playing with my bird, admiring its plumage. I loved all of my birds. But this one was my favourite out of them all. It was a special bird to me, I had had it for over five years and I never wanted to let it go I never wanted it to fly the nest. Just like I never wanted to let Alice go. I never wanted Alice to fly the nest, she, like the bird, is my favourite granddaughter I never wanted to see her leave me. But it was inevitable that she would leave that she would fly the nest like all my other granddaughters and forget about me just like them other them. I was powerless to stop her she never took any real notice of me. Alice and Steven were in love and at the time I was too childish and stubborn to realise it. I was trying to get my bird to fly. Then I saw them together. I stopped my bird spreading its wings and leaving me just like I wanted Alice to do. I wanted her to stop spreading her wings and flying away. The bird and Alice were the two most important things in my life at that time. I would have hated to see either of them leave me. I did everything in my power to try stopping her from seeing Steven. I tried treating her like a child, talking down to her but she was too clever for me. She treated me like the child and I now accept that I was being childish. I was kidding myself I could not interfere with their relationship. I had to accept that she was growing and as she grew so did I. My acceptance of their relationship came clearer as the day went on and how I noticed how close they were to each other. I now realise that she was a young woman with a mind of her own she was never going to listen to an old fool like me. She responded to my childish antics in a mature manor and how you would accept a young woman to respond: she mocked my foolish words, laughed at me and made me feel ridiculous. And I did feel ridiculous. Who was I to tear their love apart? She and Steven were absorbed cooing birds and that is what she was trying to tell me that her and Steven are in love I was too foolish to understand. But I was trapped in my own selfishness. When Alice left I was left all alone with my pigeons and my daughter. She, always ordering me around and telling me what to do, treated me like a child. Lucy was always telling me to leave Alice and Steven alone but I could not. I was like the child demanding my own happiness. Watching the pair walking over to the Frangipani tree angered me. Linked by one another at the arm they truly were a pair and I could not prevent this. My adolescent behaviour was not working it was time to accept what they had was true love and no old fool like me had the power to break this bond. My granddaughter was being taking away from me in front of my own eyes. But I tried to prevent it. I told her that this Alice in Wonderland relationship would not go on forever. I tried telling her that a true relationship is not all about giggling and kissing and how one day she might find herself in a marriage that she cant break out off. Again she did not listen to my protests and again she mocked my foolish words and ridiculed me. I could see from her eyes that she found me annoying, she did not listen to me and as that day passed I began to realise that she was growing and how again I was powerless to prevent that. Asking me have I put my birds to bed, in that sarcastic tone of todays youth? She was right I had nothing better to do than to look after my birds.

Biography of Diane von Fürstenburg, Fashion Designer

Biography of Diane von Fà ¼rstenburg, Fashion Designer Diane von Fà ¼rstenberg (born December 31, 1946) is a business executive and  fashion designer. She is most famous for her wrap dress, made out of knit jersey fabric, which was first popularized in the 1970s. Fà ¼rstenbergs clothes have been worn by such influential figures and celebrities as Michelle Obama, Madonna, Kate Beckinsale, Susan Sarandon, and Jessica Alba. Fast Facts: Diane von Fà ¼rstenberg Known For: Fà ¼rstenberg designed a wrap dress that had a huge influence on womens fashion.Also Known As: Diane Prinzessin zu Fà ¼rstenberg, Diane Halfin, Diane Simone Michelle HalfinBorn: December 31, 1946 in Brussels, BelgiumParents: Leon Halfin and Liliane NahmiasEducation: University of GenevaSpouse(s): Prince Egon von Fà ¼rstenberg (m. 1969-1972), Barry Diller (m. 2001)Children: Prince Alexander von Fà ¼rstenberg, Princess Tatiana Desirà ©e von Fà ¼rstenbergNotable Quote: Fashion is mysterious, as a rule. Why are blue jeans a classic? You just hit on something that happens to be timeless and right. Early Life Fà ¼rstenberg was born Diane Simone Michelle Halfin in Brussels, Belgium, on December 31, 1946. Her father Leon Halfin was a Moldavian emigre, and her mother Liliane Nahmias had been liberated from Auschwitz only 18 months before Dianes birth.  Both parents were Jewish. Education Fà ¼rstenberg was educated in England, Spain, and Switzerland. She studied at the University of Madrid and later transferred to the University of Geneva, where her field of study was economics. After college, Fà ¼rstenberg worked as an assistant to Albert Koshi, an agent for fashion photographers in Paris. She then moved to Italy, where she worked for textile manufacturer Angelo Ferretti and designed silk jersey dresses. New York and Independence At the University of Geneva, Fà ¼rstenberg met a German prince who was born in Switzerland, Egon zu Fà ¼rstenberg. They married in 1969 and moved to New York, where they had a high-profile society life. The princes family did not like that Fà ¼rstenberg was of Jewish heritage. Two children were born in quick succession: a son Alexandre in 1970, six months after the wedding, and a daughter Tatiana in 1971. In 1970, with the princes support and likely influenced by the rise of feminism, Fà ¼rstenberg sought financial independence by opening the Diane von Fà ¼rstenberg Studio. She designed her own prints and made easy-to-wear dresses made out of silk, cotton, and polyester knits. The Wrap Dress In 1972, Fà ¼rstenberg designed the wrap dress that was to bring her so much recognition. The dress was made of cotton jersey fabric; Furstenbergs intent was to create something both feminine-looking and easy to care for. The iconic original dress is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (alongside famous garments by Thom Browne, Rei Kawakubo, Marc Jacobs, and other designers). Fà ¼rstenberg has described her design as simple, effortless, and classic: The wrap dress is the most traditional form of dressing: Its like a robe, its like a kimono, its like a toga. It doesnt have buttons or zippers. What made it different was that it was jersey; therefore, it was close to the body and it was a print. The design had a huge influence on 1970s fashion; by the middle of the decade, Fà ¼rstenberg had sold millions of dresses and made herself a household name. Divorce and Business Expansion In 1972, Fà ¼rstenberg and her husband divorced. She lost the right to the title of Princess zu Fà ¼rstenberg and rebranded herself as Diane von Fà ¼rstenberg. In 1975, she created the fragrance Tatiana, named for her daughter. The fragrance sold well, and by 1976 Fà ¼rstenberg was so well known that she appeared on the cover of Newsweek. Fà ¼rstenberg sold her studio and licensed her name to be used on other products. In 1979, products with her name represented sales of $150 million. By 1983, however, she had closed her cosmetics and fragrance business. Comeback From 1983 to 1990, Fà ¼rstenberg  lived in Bali and Paris. She founded a publishing company in Paris called Salvy, which released works in translation by authors such as Vita Sackville-West, Barbara Pym, and Gregor von Rezzori. In 1990, she returned to the United States, and the next year launched a new home shopping business, Silk Assets, which sold products on the cable channel QVC. Her first product did $1.2 million in sales in two hours. Selling on QVC was a success. In 1997, Fà ¼rstenberg went into business with her daughter-in-law Alexandra, re-launching her eponymous company. With the revival in the 1990s of 1970s fashions, Fà ¼rstenberg brought back the wrap dress in new prints and colors. Fà ¼rstenberg published a memoir in 1998, Diane: A Signature Life, recounting her life story and business successes. In 2001, she married businessman Barry Diller, who had been a friend since the 1970s. Fà ¼rstenberg also became involved in books and movies, producing Forty Shades of Blue, which won a prize at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival. Fà ¼rstenberg released another memoir in 2014, The Woman I Wanted to Be, which one reviewer described as an honest an introspective look into the labyrinthine history behind one of the most iconic female entrepreneurs in fashion. Fà ¼rstenberg has also released a series of coffee table books, including Beds, a look at the intimate spaces of the rich and famous. By 2005, Diane von Fà ¼rstenberg boutiques were in operation in New York and Miami in the United States, and in London and Paris in Europe. Fà ¼rstenberg has served on a number of corporate boards. Her company is currently headquartered in the Meatpacking District of Manhattan. Fà ¼rstenberg has been named one of the most powerful women in the world. Notable Clients Fà ¼rstenbergs clients include a range of celebrities, artists, and other luminaries. former First Lady Michelle Obama- a woman known for her taste in fashion- wore a Fà ¼rstenberg wrap dress in 2009 for the White House Christmas card. Other major clients include Gwenyth Paltrow, Rooney Mara, Bella Thorne, Demi Moore, and Marisa Tomei. Causes Fà ¼rstenberg has supported numerous causes, among them the Anti-Defamation League and the Holocaust Museum. She has been honored for her work in redeveloping space in New York City and for her work against AIDS. With her husband, she funds a private family foundation, The Diller-Von Fà ¼rstenberg Family Foundation. In 2010, as part of an initiative by Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett, she pledged to donate half her fortune to philanthropic efforts. Sources Ferla, Ruth La. â€Å"The Dress Heard Round the World.† The New York Times, 15 Jan. 2014.Fà ¼rstenberg, Diane Von. Diane: a Signature Life. Simon Schuster, 2009.MacFarquhar, Larissa. â€Å"The Huntress.† The New Yorker, 25 Sept. 2006.

I will tell you later Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I will tell you later - Essay Example America demanded for a response after endorsing presence of authoritarian governments with the purpose of assuring stability. However, there was change in the 1970’s and 1980’s as famous movements that were demanding change became very frequent2. As these movements acquire much momentum, the United States was unable to ascertain political and economical stability, which was very necessary by then. In addition, in 1980, the foreign policy used by the US was amended to a democracy promotion. The global economy continued gaining more relevance, and it was during this moment that a new elite sprout on Capitalist strength3. This was in 1980 prior to the finish of Cold war. This was very significant because America it illustrates that America majored in globalization of political and economic features prior to the end of the bi-polar hegemonic system. On the other hand, Sen argues that Globalization does not entirely reflect westernization. According to Sen, globalization is neither new, nor westernized; however, the benefits are justifiable4. Therefore, these two authors points out that we should look at the perspectives of globalization in the sense that, it is something that has been existing and it is not about transformation5 . Based on the readings, Globalization involves sharing goods and services or rather continuity of goods, concepts and authority among many nations, which leads to dependence and interconnection. In this case, globalization becomes a positive factor for change. This is because of improved technology; also, the entire world in under control and it is also empowered through global transactions. I tend to believe that globalization becomes a negative aspect because, firstly, the diffusion of both the traditions and cultures. These factors are fading day in day out. However, this is a temporal way because

Sociology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology - Assignment Example Impression management refers to both a conscious and unconscious process through which people influence perceptions other people about another person, an object, or an event by controlling information on social interaction. In the film, Angela influences Yaniv’s perception of his personality by sending him mp3 songs, which she took from performances of other people in YouTube. Megan and Abby make false claims with the motive of confusing Nev. It is lucid that the photos that Angela sends to Yaniv as those of Megan were from a friend of a friend. Angela finally confesses all the lies that she has told. How Max Weber’s concept of bureaucracy differs from most people’s negative perception of bureaucracy Bureaucracy is a way that organizes enforcement and administration execution of legal rules. The general opinion of bureaucracies is that they tend to focus entirely on their drawbacks and negative impacts on individual rights and efficiency. Many people view bureauc racy from a negative point of view and thus regard it as being inefficient. Max Weber on the other side contradicts with this ideas and views bureaucracy as tremendously effective measure that people should adopt. Max Weber describes bureaucracy in positive terms and considers it to be an efficient and more rational form of organization. Max argues that when one follows the seven principles, bureaucracy emerges as an exemplary form of governance that should be used in leadership. Max argues that officials must exercise their judgment and skills efficiently to serve the people who are of higher authority (Vogt and Williams, 19). They should ensure that they execute the tasks the authority assign them and sacrifice their personal judgment as a way of achieving the objectives that the authority intends. Criminological Theory The theory that I like best when it comes to explaining crime and criminal behavior is differential association and social learning. This is because it is unquesti onably true that one learns crime thorough associating with criminal definitions. When one associates with other people or definitions which approve criminal conduct, then they will tend to involve themselves in criminal behavior. In cases where one repeats criminal behavior, it becomes chronic, and this forms a form of social learning which will make one get used to the behavior. In cases where criminal subcultures are in existence, many individuals will learn how to commit crime and thus this will have the effect of accelerating the rate of crime in the society. This indicates that criminal activity is behavior that people learn from the others either through differential association, subcultures, or social learning. It is thus indispensable for people to curb crime through avoiding association with people who involve in criminal activities. Blame the poor or blame society Of the above two vies, I think that the one that best explains poverty is the view ``blame the society``. It describes poverty as the state of lacking material possessions or money. The society is to blame for the presence of poor people in the world. This is because it is the society that does not provide the necessary reproductive conditions that the poor need to liberate themselves (Vogt and Williams, 29). There are many people who dedicate many hours and are still poor. One should not hence blame the poor for their state

Creating and applyign prototypes Essay Example for Free

Creating and applyign prototypes Essay Knowledge prototypes are like the framework of a house, there is enough detail to identify a certain object or event but there is also room to integrate new information or knowledge (Bargh, Chen Burrows, 1996). For example a mental prototype of a priest is someone who is male, wears a habit or vestment and works in the church. When we are confronted with say an image of a priest that is different from our prototype, then we accommodate that information into the prototype to enable us to identify a different kind of priest. Thus, when we see a pastor, we say that he is like a priest but is allowed to marry and serves Protestants or Baptists. Confronted with a female pastor, we again add another component to our prototype to accommodate the knowledge that for Christian groups, females can be pastors or head the church. However, when the mind is not exposed to other forms or kinds of a particular object or event, the prototype’s strength increases and therefore we only think and know that birds have wings and they can fly since all the birds we have encountered have these characteristics. Stereotypes results from a reinforced prototype and sometimes we think of others stereotypically and we tend to generalize a particular trait or characteristic to all other individuals or objects as sharing that characteristic. Stereotypes arise from unchallenged prototypes and we often tend to automatically rely on our stereotype of an individual or object to give judgment or opinions (Blair Banaji, 1996). I had a black American friend in college, she was pretty, smart and wiser than most of us back then. She was dark skinned and she came from New York, we always sat mesmerized by her tales of the city and how alive it was during the night. Since we lived in the same floor, she and I got to be best friends as the semester went by. I have never seen any pictures of her family and she said that she was an only child, and she did not like having pictures of her parents around her because she would only miss them more. When I looked at her, I just saw a black American girl, she had the same skin, the same wavy hair and curly at the roots, she was tall and had a certain bounce to her walk. I she talked about her parents love story and I was enthralled by the romance and adventure that her parents had because she said theirs was a love against all odds. I just thought then that it was because her mother came from a rich family and her father had a small second hand bookshop. As the term was about to end, she told me that her parents were picking her up and would I want to meet them, to which I readily agreed to. So on our end of term Saturday night, I was introduced to her parents and I got the surprise of my young age, her mother was white! It then all came rushing to me to realize that my friend was actually lighter than most other black Americans, and that her hair was only wavy, not really curly like others and she had brown eyes. This situation demonstrated misidentification, since I thought of my friend as a black American; I presumed that her parents were black and that they shared the same physical attributes. My mental prototype of black American children was that they had black American parents, and my prototype of genetics said that children inherent the characteristics of the parents. Thus I was thinking that since my friend was black, then her parents are also black (Fiske Taylor, 1991). There are some instances when it is easy to build prototypes, this include rich information objects or events, we know that an orange’s color is orange since it is named after the color, or we might think of the color orange and visualize the color of the fruit. There are also difficult situations wherein creating a prototype is a challenge. For example we are confronted with the image of a French bread, we now that it is long, crusty and hard to chew, thus if we are given a French bread that does not have this characteristics, then we say that what is served is not French bread but a croissant or a biscuit depending on its other characteristics. Prototypes are useful when we use it to accommodate new information, it can also be used or when we are asked to act in a situation that is strange and unpredictable and we retrieve from our prototypes to help us figure the new information (Macrae, Milne Bodenhausen, 1994). Like all other thought processes, prototypes is inexact, errors will be brought by the inability to match new information and the prototypes. Errors can be avoided when we adapt an open mind, and when we try to explore and learn more about an object or event and not jump into conclusions. References Blair, I. Banaji, M. (1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotype priming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1142-1163. Bargh, J. , Chen, M. Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244. Fiske, S. Taylor, S. (1991). Social Cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Macrae, C. , Milne, A. Bodenhausen, G. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37-47.